120 años del Internado Nacional Barros Arana en la educación pública chilena

¿En qué consiste ese espíritu endemoniado que no se cansa de morir en pleno siglo XXI, que suele ser el semillero de las revoluciones estudiantiles y dolores de cabeza de la Municipalidad de Santiago?  La respuesta es la conjugación de un carácter regionalista común que construye un amplio conjunto de acentos y costumbres traídas desde los hogares más recónditos de Chile.

Marcel Albano, generación 91

“No teníamos donde caernos muertos.

Por eso nos decían, los inmortales”

Nicanor Parra

El INBA está en llamas y, por la prensa, se releva su carácter violento: siempre está metido en tomas, protestas; que son hijos del viento y ya no tienen cabida dentro del contexto de una sociedad que impulsa nuevos valores donde educar a hombres; va en contra de la dinámica de la “inclusión”,el pie forzado de la contingencia. Además de las voces que pregonan amenazas de cierre, el estado de abandono y profunda laxitud administrativa, hacen pensar en frías estrategias de desangramiento orientadas por intereses económicos y políticos mezquinos, que ven, tanto en su infraestructura como emplazamiento declarado como Monumento Nacional, oportunidades de negocio, lucro o retail.

No obstante, ¿en qué consiste ese espíritu endemoniado que no se cansa de morir en pleno siglo XXI, que suele ser el semillero de las revoluciones estudiantiles y dolores de cabeza de la Municipalidad de Santiago?  La respuesta es la conjugación de un carácter regionalista común. Imagina un día de clases donde tus compañeros de curso, provenientes de lugares muy distintos al de tu hábitat natural, construyen un amplio conjunto de acentos y costumbres traídas desde los hogares más recónditos de Chile. Alumnos oriundos del desierto o las costas nortinas, que se encuentran en un mismo espacio junto a porteños, pascuenses, chilotes, penquistas y que, en la vida cotidiana interna, se trenzan en payasadas y medición de fuerzas con alumnos de la capital.

Batallas de ajedrez, básquetbol, fútbol o lo que fuere entre huasos, hijos de salitreros, sureños o humildes habitantes del campo central, son parte de la tónica dominante. Aquí el orden y la disciplina no distingue apellidos, credos políticos, deportivos, posición económica, social, o lugar de origen. Para los “inbanos”, el juego de las identidades sociales del mundo externo es anexo, secundario e intrascendente. Primero, viene ser “inbano”.

Es complejo entender, para una sociedad acostumbrada a relacionarse en guetos de estatus y alta diferenciación social, el que no sea relevante para una relación de amistad, hermandad y compañerismo, tener puntos de vista discordantes, e incluso opuestos. Ser “inbano”, con carácter de cristal es incompatible.

El INBA crea una especie de maduración intelectual a temprana edad, puesto que, obligados a compartir los espacios cotidianos desde la madrugada hasta la noche, se termina por constituir una mirada mucho más amplia de la realidad del país. En la sala o el comedor, puede coexistir un hijo de alguien muy rico junto a otro de condición muy sencilla. La diferencia es que comen, estudian, juegan, lloran y pelean, de tal modo que las diferencias sociales de procedencia y, que suelen marcar la adolescencia, pasan a segundo y tercer plano. Estar aislados de la socialización cultural de los padres, genera condiciones para desarrollar una especie de independencia cultural.

Compartir dormitorio, en un mismo sector con alguien muy facho o muy comunacho, no es problema. Se entiende que hay algo superior a las etiquetas políticas: el respeto. Y esta tradición, tiene orígenes remotos en la historia de la educación chilena. En 1819, una sección del Instituto Nacional, se destinó para el régimen de internado y, de esa manera, entregar educación laica a los incivilizados alumnos de provincias. La iniciativa de fundar un Internado Nacional comenzó con el presidente Juan Manuel Balmaceda que, por los asuntos internos de la Guerra Civil de 1891, hizo imposible materializarlo. Posteriormente, en 1902 bajo la administración de Germán Riesco se independizó y abrió las dependencias para los estudiantes provincianos. Recibió el nombre del historiador, diplomático y político Diego Barros Arana, en el gobierno de Pedro Montt. Después del golpe de estado de 1973, el INBA fue tomado por el Regimiento N°3 Yungay y utilizado como centro de prisioneros, torturas y violaciones por efectivos de la Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DINA) y, más adelante, Central Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI), las SS chilenas. Víctor Jara y el sacerdote español Juan Alsina conocieron sus dependencias en escabrosas circunstancias. También se quedaron con el patio azul, perteneciente a la arquitectura original, diseñada por el francés Victor Henry de Villeneuve.

El ex alumno Nicanor Parra, afirmaba que el espíritu cultural e histórico de los “inbanos”, procede de una lucha dialéctica entre los alumnos que se destacaban en el deporte, y los de buenas calificaciones o que cultivaban algún tipo de talento artístico. Es más, aseguró que, la síntesis entre estas dos fuerzas adolescentes, es la que dio origen a la antipoesía: un habla que conjuga el racionalismo propio del iluminismo republicano de la revolución francesa, y el músculo provinciano de niños nacidos bajo el sello de los desiertos, campos, cordillera, mares e islas de Chile. El INBA es una síntesis de pulsiones y modos de vivir, el territorio del país.

Es habitual que en vacaciones de invierno o verano, los “inbanos” se aventuren a conocer las residencias de sus compañeros donde, al alero de interactuar con otras familias, amplíen la cosmovisión del país. Los lazos férreos se funden en una noble amistad, donde se comparten experiencias y  se asume que la desigualdad e injusticia social, es transversal.

Sin embargo, de cara al presente y el futuro más inmediato, el internado y su comunidad se han visto enfrentados a innumerables tomas y hechos de violencia, como en muchos establecimientos del país. El abandono, la falta de políticas y proyectos de recuperación, hace pensar a las viejas generaciones en hacer algo definitivo para levantar y repensar al internado, como un actor vivo y necesario para la educación pública de Chile; como reza la máxima de su himno, buenos hijos seremos primero, ciudadanos conscientes después, será vital para la suerte de la nueva sociedad.

Link de interés:

Nicanor Parra y el INBA

CLIP # 3: «INBA, Santo Domingo 3535, década del 30…»Internado Nacional Barros Arana

Internado Nacional Barros Arana

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218 comentarios en “120 años del Internado Nacional Barros Arana en la educación pública chilena”

  1. Buena remembranza del Inba, la última parte me toca, ya que patudamente invite a 2 compañeros a mi muy humilde casa en Hualqui, mi padre había fallecido y la verdad no recuerdo como los atendí en la población de emergencia construida post terremoto de 1960. Fui testigo el año 1970 y 71 de las visitas y reuniones para tener acá la » escuela de talentos» rreferido a lo deportivo. En mi curso 4° C ‘ 71 estaba Gustavo Kaltwaser Rodriguez, un capo que tenía 7’s en todos los ramos y años en que estudio aquí. Le debo todo al Inba por la alta calidad de educación que aquí obtuve.

  2. Marco Antonio Barrera Jara

    El internado fue nuestro hogar, el inba se lleva en la piel, en la mente y en el corazón. La vida inbana me ha dado la posibilidad de compartir, durante pasajes de mi vida, con inbanos de distintas generaciones que compartimos un factor común, el cariño por nuestro Internado es intransable y no medible. Gracias a la vida que me dio la posibilidad de ser parte de esta hermosa institución, fui, soy y siempre seré orgullosamente un INBANO.

  3. Luis Villarroel Vicencio

    Llegué al INBA el año 1982 desde La Ligua. El Internado era como una ciudad gigante, con pabellones hermosos, cine, sala de música, piscina, jardines, patios distintos dependiendo tu curso. No estaba acostumbrado a esto. Me encontré con compañeros de todo el país, con acentos que no había oído antes. Algunos de familias acomodadas y otros de esfuerzo como yo. Sin embargo, toda esta diversidad me hizo crecer, ser independiente, aprendí a estudiar y a ser disciplinado lo que me sirvió para mis estudios superiores. Después de egresar fui inspector mientras estudiaba. Hoy formo parte del centro de exalumnos y me encuentro escribiendo sobre la historia del INBA. Gratitud, gratitud, gratitud.

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