A 20 grados bajo cero se preservan miles de semillas en Vicuña

Desde que en los 90, el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, inició la recolección de semillas y microorganismos vegetales con fines de preservación de la diversidad, acumula a la fecha miles de muestras de casi un 30% de la flora nativa nacional.

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¿Se imagina un bunker incrustado en un cerro próximo a Vicuña, Región de Coquimbo, lleno de semillas, resguardadas en una cámara de frío a -20°C?

Existe.

Con menos prensa y más antiguo que el muy conocido bunker noruego (“bóveda del fin del mundo”), levantado hace un par de décadas también para resguardar la diversidad vegetal.

El Banco Base de Semillas de Vicuña es una construcción que impresiona más por su finalidad que por su tamaño: un arca de Noé que busca la preservación de especies vegetales de Chile con fines de asegurar la alimentación futura y conservar la biodiversidad, resguardando miles de especies con potenciales usos medicinales, aplicaciones biotecnológicas, entre otros.

Todo ello, cobra mayor valor si se toma en cuenta la vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas y la crisis climática y, también, la enorme zozobra que ha padecido un sistema alimentario como el chileno frente a las guerras e inestabilidad que azotan a proveedores de alimentos de los que nuestro país depende en gran medida. Una realidad que ha cambiado aceleradamente, porque apenas hace 30 años, buena parte de lo que consumíamos era producido en nuestros campos.

Y agreguemos un elemento más.

Parte del material resguardado es el que ha resultado de programas de fitomejoramiento, que han impactado en calidad y cantidad, principalmente, rendimiento. Pero, esto ha disminuido la base genética con la pérdida consecuente de otros aspectos de las especies: sabor, aroma, tolerancia a estrés. Por eso, es importante recolectar y resguardar semillas de cultivos y especies autóctonas del país, adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas del territorio y que son base del patrimonio de todos.

El Banco Base de Vicuña es componente central de una Red de Bancos de Germoplasma, un sistema que involucra otros componentes: cinco bancos fitogenéticos y un banco microbiano. Toda una arquitectura de preservación de la biodiversidad que desarrolla y sostiene el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, entidad vinculada al Ministerio de Agricultura.

Este sistema se hace cargo de la conservación ex situ del patrimonio vegetal y microbiano de nuestro país, es decir, resguardar material genético (semillas, plantas in vitro y microorganismos) fuera del territorio donde crecen naturalmente. Estas acciones son complementarias a la conservación in situ, es decir, a aquella que se realiza en el hábitat natural, por ejemplo, en parques nacionales.

La cadena de conservación de la Red de Bancos de Germoplasma del INIA funciona así: las semillas o germoplasma y recursos microbianos se recolectan y resguardan en los bancos de INIA Intihuasi (Vicuña) INIA La Platina (Santiago), INIA Carillanca (Temuco), INIA Quilamapu (Chillán), INIA Remehue (Osorno), donde se caracterizan, registran y documentan. Junto con recolectar semillas, en INIA Quilamapu también se recolectan bacterias y hongos.

De las semillas recolectadas en los bancos activos, llega un duplicado de la muestra al Banco Base de Semillas de Vicuña que es, de esta forma, el banco central de germoplasma del país con capacidad para almacenar hasta 75 mil muestras por períodos superiores a 50 años.

La conservación requiere equipos de refrigeración especiales en los que las semillas se mantienen a 20 grados bajo cero.

El banco de germoplasma de Vicuña se construyó en los 90, y lleva más de 30 años recolectando y resguardado cultivos agrícolas y flora nativa endémica (aquella que crece solo al interior de nuestras fronteras, como la palma chilena), y la que es nativa pero también crece en países vecinos como, por ejemplo, el algarrobo. El resguardo de flora nativa se inició hace dos décadas, tiempo en el cual el Banco Base de Vicuña acumula 10 mil semillas de 1.402 especies diferentes, un 28 % de la flora chilena.

Punto caliente

La colección ha crecido por intercambio con bancos de otros países y se ha visto beneficiada con fondos internacionales dado que Chile es considerado un “punto caliente de biodiversidad”, uno de los 34 a nivel mundial, por su diversidad genética pero también por la gran cantidad de especies en peligro de extinción.

Y aunque la flora nativa constituye un patrimonio de enorme importancia para el país, solo se conoce la utilidad de un 23 % y apenas un 13 % de las plantas han sido evaluadas y de ellas 46 % están en peligro o en peligro crítico de extinción.

Las colecciones de los bancos de germoplasma del INIA están agrupadas en once segmentos: leguminosas, cereales, nativas, forrajeras, frutales, hortalizas, oleaginosas, pseudocereales, ornamentales, aromáticas y tubérculos.

Y es posible solicitar muestras, en la medida que se cumplan al menos los siguientes requisitos: disponibilidad, estar libre de virus y enfermedades; pertinencia de la solicitud y que las personas que han entregado o donado semillas al INIA autoricen la opción de compartirlas. El último no es un tema menor, si se piensa que entre las guardadoras de semillas hay denuncias de apropiación de especies por parte de transnacionales que luego las patentan.

Por esta vía, en los últimos años las especies más solicitadas fueron quinoa, tomate limachino, hortalizas y cereales. El tomate limachino cobró importancia hace algunos años porque su ingreso a los bancos del INIA fue parte de un proceso de recuperación. Y el fin principal de las solicitudes: investigación.

Y no solo son requerimientos nacionales: el programa de mejoramiento del trigo paraguayo del IPTA, Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, solicitó trigo de la colección de trigos del cono sur, que habían perdido.

El hecho no es casual: un informe de la FAO definió el banco base de semillas de Chile como uno de los tres más confiables de América Latina y el Caribe.

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