Previo a la presentación del libro 50 años do Chile de Allende, uma leitura critica en Sao Paulo, Brasil, El Regionalista conversó con el editor del texto, Alberto Aggio,sobre el significado del libro, quizás la primera publicación conmemorativa de los 50 años del golpe militar, sobre su oportunidad y sus lecciones. “Es importante hacer una lectura crítica de la cultura política de la izquierda de entonces, que sigue presente, en términos generales, en la izquierda latinoamericana actual”, señala el intelectual brasileño.
Por Edison Ortiz
Además de la publicación de Le Monde Diplomatique, versión chilena, este es el primer libro que se publica en torno a los 50 años del golpe militar. ¿Por qué es importante en Brasil esta conmemoración?
El libro pretende recordar la llamada experiencia chilena desde su inicio hasta su trágico final. Es importante pensar la historia de procesos como este desde una perspectiva global y sabemos cuán importante fue el gobierno de Allende para la izquierda brasileña, incluso cuando estábamos bajo una dictadura desde 1964. Muchos de los exiliados brasileños fueron primero a Chile. La mayoría de estos brasileños tenían una visión ambigua del camino chileno al socialismo. Con el desenlace, es decir, con el golpe, quedó una imagen negativa de esta experiencia. Después de estos 50 años, reaparece una imagen nostálgica de Allende y la Unidad Popular. Creo que es importante pensar en todos estos momentos de decepción por parte de la izquierda brasileña de lo que pasó en el Chile de Allende y más allá de ella.
Que el texto se publiqué el 19 de abril, ¿tiene que ver con el aniversario del PS chileno, fundado esa misma fecha en 1933 y la famosa frase de Allende enarbolada en 1973, durante el aniversario número 40 de la colectividad: “todo lo que soy se lo debo a mi partido”?
Es solo una coincidencia. Y, en todo caso, creo que la vinculación de Allende con el PS es ineludible. Este vínculo, con todo lo que tuvo un efecto afirmativo y limitante, llevó a Allende a ser el promotor de la unidad socialista desde la década de 1950. Durante el período de gobierno no hubo una relación debidamente tranquila entre el PS y el Presidente. Pero este es un tema específico que aparece en muchos puntos del libro. Pero nunca se instaló una ruptura entre ambos.
¿Qué significó para ti, un destacado intelectual brasileño, la figura de Allende y su gobierno?
Para mí siempre ha sido más importante comprender el proceso de la experiencia chilena y el proyecto de la vía chilena al socialismo que la figura de Allende, a pesar de su extrema audacia al vislumbrar la posibilidad de construir el socialismo en Chile (y lo que significó entonces) a través de la democracia, el pluralismo y la libertad. Su fracaso pone de relieve el punto máximo alcanzado por aquella cultura política que inspiró a la izquierda chilena y occidental, es decir, su límite histórico.
¿Por qué el título del texto,” 50 años del Chile de Allende, una lectura crítica”?
Porque es necesario ir más allá de las lecturas de ese período que quedaron en torno al dilema de la izquierda de entonces, es decir, reformismo o revolución. También es necesario superar el tratamiento que uno ve del fracaso de un gobierno de izquierda como el de Allende. Esencialmente, es importante hacer una lectura crítica de la cultura política de la izquierda de entonces, que sigue presente, en términos generales, en la izquierda latinoamericana actual. El libro, por tanto, no tiene el objetivo hagiográfico de Allende y ni siquiera quiere rendir culto mitológico a la Unidad Popular. En sus capítulos lo que se destaca son sus virtudes pero también sus vicisitudes, límites y contradicciones. Finalmente, es necesario superar una historiografía que quedó inserta en el campo cultural y político de los actores que protagonizaron esa experiencia.
En el texto, participan y contribuyen una serie de intelectuales de Brasil, Chile, Italia y Valencia (España). ¿Cuál era la idea de integrarlos en este libro?
De los chilenos no hay nada que comentar, son imprescindibles. España e Italia fueron países impactados por la experiencia chilena de Allende y cuentan con investigadores que conocen la historia política de la época. Lo mismo en relación con Brasil. Creo que todos ellos, de una forma u otra, expresan esa lectura crítica que está en el subtítulo del libro, una lectura que va más allá de las formas de ver la época que en la mayoría de los casos son anacrónicas, mitológicas y nostálgicas.
¿Cuál crees tú que es la principal contribución de este texto, en el contexto de los 50 años, a la memoria y al futuro?
Creo que el principal aporte del libro es presentar un panel de investigaciones en muchas dimensiones complementarias que abordan la memoria de la época, la lucha política que allí se desarrolló y el debate político y teórico en torno a la experiencia que buscó construir el socialismo. manteniendo la democracia en un ambiente de guerra fría y una Cuba triunfante. También creo que, desde diferentes ángulos, los autores de los capítulos de este libro advierten que la experiencia de la Unidad Popular no sólo expresa un límite a la izquierda de la época, sino que debe ser entendida como irrepetible en las circunstancias actuales.
¿Por qué el publico debería leer este texto?
Creo que el recuerdo del desafío asumido por Allende, la originalidad de esa “aventura”, las referencias específicas a su proyecto, los límites y, finalmente, el fracaso, son lecciones de la historia que no se pueden ignorar para pensar en el presente y el futuro. La historia es importante porque, hecha de manera crítica, contribuye al pensamiento del hombre contemporáneo, sin encarcelamientos ni ilusiones.
70 comentarios en “Alberto Aggio y su lectura crítica a 50 años del Chile de Allende”
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