Amarillos: el baile de los que sobran

En todo proceso de cambio y de crisis, hay quienes se resisten y tratan de agarrarse de la tabla del status quo. Dentro de estos, están los que intentan no perder sus privilegios, ya sean políticos o económicos o ambos, los que, por lo general, van de la mano.

Por A.C. Mercado-Harvey

Por estos días hemos visto el surgimiento de un movimiento más mediático que influyente: los autoproclamados Amarillos por Chile. Tal como ha señalado Fanny Pollarolo, estos corren el riesgo de convertirse en sepia, en vez de amarillo. El proceso que comenzó el 18 de octubre de 2019, y que culminará en septiembre de este año con la votación de la nueva Constitución, ha sido cuando menos turbulento y complejo. Ello ha generado incertidumbre no solo económica y política, sino también social. La sociedad chilena ha vivido por casi tres años en un virtual estado de emergencia, primero con las protestas y pocos meses después, desde marzo de 2020, con una serie de libertades coartadas debido a una feroz pandemia que sigue generando muertos a diario. En todo proceso de cambio y de crisis, hay quienes se resisten y tratan de agarrarse de la tabla del status quo. Dentro de estos, están los que intentan no perder sus privilegios, ya sean políticos o económicos o ambos, los que, por lo general, van de la mano.

La discusión de normas y la escritura de la nueva constitución ha ayudado a ese sentido de ansiedad respecto a los cambios que se vienen. Algunos dirán que esta era una etapa más que necesaria para un verdadero quiebre con el legado de la dictadura de Pinochet. Lo cierto es que la Constitución de 1980 ya no daba para más con sus cerrojos a la democracia y la perpetuación de desigualdades. El problema es que cuando vemos los gustitos que se dan algunos constituyentes al poner en tabla temáticas que no tienen ninguna alternativa de ser parte de normativas, que requieren dos tercios, hay quienes se preguntan cuánto de esto sirve de munición para la artillería pesada que va a montar la derecha en su intento por derribar la aprobación de la nueva Constitución. La izquierda, a nivel mundial, cae en estos jueguitos de auto-sabotaje; si no, es cosa de ver lo que ocurre en Gran Bretaña y Francia, por nombrar un par de casos extremos.

Ese es el contexto en el que ha hecho aparición este autoproclamado grupo de Amarillos por Chile. Veamos a algunos de estos personajes de nuestro bestiario chilensis. Aquellos conocidos por su labor política, verdaderamente parecen ser un grupo de gente que ha perdido en su último intento de elección o reelección. Es el caso de Soledad Alvear, DC, exministra, exsenadora y excandidata a la presidencia. Es decir, alguien con un impresionante currículum, que hoy en día no encuentra un espacio en el nuevo escenario político chileno. Literalmente, es alguien que se quedó en el pasado, parte de la vieja política casada con los grupos de poder económico, con casos de corrupción a cuestas y de un partido político que podría desaparecer en las próximas elecciones, de acuerdo a nuestras leyes electorales. A ella se suman varias figuras de su partido como Ignacio Walker, otro que no escondió en absoluto su poca inclinación a apoyar a Boric y que solo adhirió tras la resolución del partido. Lo mismo aplica a Carolina Goic, Gutenberg Martínez, Alejandro Foxley, Enrique Krauss, Mariana Aylwin, etc. Es decir, un buen número de exdemócratas cristianos, algunos que incluso apoyaron a Kast.

Pero no solo hay DC en el reino de los amarillos; también hay exsocialistas como el expresidente de la FEUC y exsenador Fulvio Rossi, quien tuvo una salida de la política bastante indecorosa con un burdo montaje de “atentado”. También hay integrantes de partidos nuevos que no cuajaron como es el caso de Andrés Velasco, quien ha fracasado una y otra vez en sus intentos de fundación de partidos, candidaturas presidenciales y otras yerbas.

Este distinguido grupo de lo que en inglés se llamaría losers también es integrado por “intelectuales” como Cristián Warnken, uno de aquellos que cree que para ser escritor hay que ser lo más aburrido y pomposo posible. Warnken es bastante lejano a Antonio Skármeta, un escritor de prestigio mundial, o a un Augusto Góngora, cineasta premiado, quienes hacían cultura en la televisión con programas dinámicos y entretenidos como eran El show de los libros y Hora 25. Por el contrario, Warnken hacía programas soporíferos con entrevistas predecibles. Su episodio más notable fue la entrevista realizada a Roberto Bolaño, quien sin ningún empacho se burló en su cara y barrió con él, como era su costumbre. Estos programas muestran una gran desconexión con las generaciones más jóvenes y con los nuevos modos de difusión cultural, algo que hace eco de la desconexión de estos amarillos con la realidad que vive Chile hoy.

Es interesante que aparte de Warnken solo hay 2 escritores, ambos de la generación del boom editorial de los 90: Carlos Franz y Mauricio Electorat. Estos autores también pueden ser considerados parte de lo que “botó la ola” en el mundo literario. Para el que no está informado al respecto, doy el contexto: durante los años de transición y tras largos años de censura, el mercado editorial chileno estaba ávido de encontrar contenido y vender libros. En ese escenario, aparecieron un montón de escritores de dudosa calidad literaria desde Alberto Fuguet, pasando por estos dos integrantes de Amarillos por Chile y muchos otros que hoy casi nadie lee y que pasaron al olvido, dada la calidad literaria de las generaciones que vinieron después, con importantes premios internacionales como es el caso de Alejandro Zambra, Alejandra Costamagna y Nona Fernández, por nombrar algunos.

Para qué decir que son contados los firmantes con apellidos castellanos, prácticamente todos tienen un apellido de origen europeo no español. Abundan los Walker, los Aylwin hasta un Luksic. No es un grupo en el que abunden los Soto, Pérez o González, los tres apellidos más comunes en Chile. Es decir, sus representantes son parte de la elite que ha estado en el poder desde siempre en nuestro país, pero que hoy ha perdido espacio en ese mundo. No es coincidencia que muchas de estas figuras fueron importantes personeros de la Concertación, muchos de ellos exministros como es el caso de Mariana Aylwin, Alejandro Foxley, Enrique Karuss, Soledad Alvear, Andrés Velasco, Isidro Solís, Jorge Burgos, René Cortázar, Rodrigo Valdés y Vivianne Blanlot.

Entre este ilustre grupo se encuentran varios acusados de delitos de corrupción durante su carrera política. Eugenio Tuma, exdiputado y exsenador PPD por la región de la Araucanía, tiene dos serias investigaciones por fraude al fisco: una de 2011 y otra de 2015. En 2017, el Consejo de Defensa del Estado amplió la querella por fraude al fisco, lo cual terminó con su carrera parlamentaria. En ambas querellas la acusación apunta al uso de asignaciones parlamentarias para pagar propaganda electoral, en el caso de 2011, y para el pago de servicios inexistentes para financiar la campaña del exgobernador de la provincia de Cautín, Juan Diego Montalva en la querella de 2015. Otro acusado por financiamiento electoral irregular es el también exdiputado y exsenador Fulvio Rossi (ex PS) investigado por aportes irregulares de SQM a sus campañas políticas y en 2015 por su participación en pagos ilícitos realizados por Corpesca en la tramitación de la Ley de Pesca. En 2017, la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago aprobó el desafuero de Rossi por su eventual participación en el caso SQM.

No solo políticos y escritores integran a los Amarillos por Chile, también hay académicos y exrectores de universidades con tendencia política de centro y de derecha. Tampoco faltan los centroderechistas como Ignacio Briones, exministro de Piñera. Es claro que la tendencia política es de centro, ya sea derecha o izquierda. El académico Mario Waissbluth ha declarado que este grupo apareció como reacción al vacío político en el centro. Además, ha señalado en entrevista al El Mercurio que: “(el) plan es empezar a hacer observaciones específicas a artículos específicos de la Constitución y no sólo para criticar, sino que también para contraproponer».[1] Lo que olvida este académico es que los miembros de la Convención fueron elegidos democráticamente y que, por tanto, tienen mandato popular. A los Amarillos por Chile no los ha elegido nadie, por tanto, pueden opinar como cualquier hijo de vecino, pero su idea de contraponer artículos de la Constitución es absurdo. Ninguno de ellos fue electo a la Convención y pueden opinar, pero no imponer. La actitud de este grupo es, por tanto, antidemocrática y a los ojos de muchos parece una pataleta de las élites. El mismo Waissbluth ha declarado que no pretenden ser partido político. Las razones son claras: los políticos en el grupo son aquellos que han quedado fuera o que pertenecen a partidos en serio riesgo de desaparecer por falta de militantes. Es importante recordarle a estos amarillos, varios de los cuales lucharon contra la dictadura, que así es el juego democrático: a veces se gana y a veces se pierde. Si no fueron capaces de persuadir en las urnas, no vale una pataleta mediática.


[1] Fuente: Emol.com – https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2022/02/21/1047408/mario-waissbluth-amarillos-por-chile.html

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