Algo cambió en los 80: se terminó la dictadura de la industria y del director, entrando al ruedo un protagonista que cambiaría el rumbo del relato, este fue el poder de la gente, quienes, a través de los medios de comunicación, se pudieron enterar en forma más cercana de lo que sucedía en el frente y formarse así su propia opinión
Por Juan Carlos Aros
El conflicto armado siempre ha sido, desde que el hombre tiene memoria, ya sea verbal o escrita, motivo de mucho interés. El cine, como medio que registra y relata, no ha estado exento de ese interés.
El tema bélico tiene una fuente y esa fuente no tendrá ninguna posibilidad de ser objetiva, de tomar distancia con los hechos, so pena de granjearse la animadversión de su bando o acusaciones más profundas, como la siempre caprichosa alta traición. (En nuestra ciudad hubo un señor que trató por todos los medios de cambiar el hecho bélico de El desastre de Rancagua por El salto de la libertad).
El cine, que nos llegó y en el cual todos creíamos, era el americano, en donde las ganaron todas, y esta idea se traspasó a toda la industria del cine, a través de la conocida y temida ley de defensa de la democracia, en donde la guerra sin bombas como lo fue la Guerra Fría, le dio al cine un subgénero, como el del espionaje. Pero algo cambió en los 80: se terminó la dictadura de la industria y del director, entrando al ruedo un protagonista que cambiaría el rumbo del relato, este fue el poder de la gente, quienes, a través de los medios de comunicación, se pudieron enterar en forma más cercana de lo que sucedía en el frente y formarse así su propia opinión.
Antes de esto, los norteamericanos no dieron pie con bola con la verdad. Lo importante era ganar en el frente y en la moral de los ciudadanos que financiaban el conflicto.
La presión social que ya “no se las tragaba todas”, las madres que recibían a sus hijos en un cajón, la información que era más directa, la calle como espacio de protesta, la música y el coraje de los directores cambiaron el rumbo.
Tres que cambiaron el género: el drama de un veterano de guerra que vuelve lisiado, un coronel que al volver no sabe a qué vuelve, su señora, fiel representante del ya lejano sueño americano y nostálgica de ese confort que se aleja: Coming Home o Regreso sin Gloria (Al Ashby, 1978).
Ahora, una comunidad ruso judía golpeada en su centro, donde se desvanece la alegría y se transforma en tragedia y todo ya es tristeza: The Deer Hunter o Francotirador (Michael Chimino, 1978).
El ritmo, el rock, el alcohol, las drogas, la locura, sí la locura en su cenit. Un capitán que repite el nihilismo de Sally Hyde, personaje de Coming Home o Regreso sin Gloria. Y en esa nada, esperaba una misión, fácil especular que es la misión de vida y cuando se la dieron, su decepción se acrecentó. Las guerras no tienen justificación, pero esta era peor, pues no tenía lógica, como lo demostró el teniente coronel William «Bill» Kilgore (Robert Duval), al manifestar el gusto que tenía por el Napalm: Apocalypse Now (F.F. Coppola, 1979).
Luego de esta triada, el cine bélico empezaría a buscar otros derroteros e incluso a recuperar obras que no habían sido muy consideradas. Así, este género dejó de ser un instrumento nacionalista e ideológico, contando falsamente la mejor versión de lo que somos, disfrazando lo salvaje y brutales que realmente somos en un conflicto.
Aquí va un listado, hay más, pero estas satisfacen el interés de quienes gustan de la acción. ¡A ponerse casco, muchachos!
- All Quiet on the Western Front o Sin novedad en el frente (Lewis Millestone, 1930).
- Alexander Nevsky (Sergei Eisenstein, 1938)
- Paths of Glory o Senderos de gloria (Stanley Kubrick, 1957)
- Dr. Strangelove (Stanley Kubrick, 1964)
- La batalla de Argel (Gillo Pontecorvo, 1966)
- Kagemusha (Akiro Kurosawa, 1980)
- Das Boot (Wolfang Petersen, 1981).
- Furyo o Feliz Navidad, Mr. Lawrence (Nagisa Ōshima, 1983)
- Ran (Akiro Kurosawa , 1985)
- Ven y Mira (Alés Adamóvich, 1985)
- Full Metal Jacket (Stanley Kubrick, 1987)
- The Thin Red Line o La delgada línea roja (Terrence Malick, 1998),
- Der Urtergang o La Caída (Oliver Hirshbiegel,2004).
Sí este género continúa, que sólo sea para recordar. Hoy, pasando la primera parte del siglo XXI, duele que los poderosos golpeen y humillen a los débiles.
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