En la Región de O’Higgins se han vertido en los distintos puntos de descarga, alrededor de 12,5 millones de metros cúbicos de aguas residuales entre los años 2016 y 2019, recursos que son desperdiciados por no contar con la tecnología adecuada para su tratamiento y reincorporación a distintos sectores productivos.
Por Gastón Leiva Vidal, investigador tecnológico
Históricamente, la Región de O’Higgins se ha desarrollado sobre dos grandes ejes: la agricultura y la minería. Si bien ambas industrias parecen diametralmente opuestas, no es tan así; las une un recurso, el agua. Este recurso no es sólo vital para las actividades económicas propias de los territorios, sino que es elemental para la vida humana y su salud. Según la Estrategia Nacional de Recursos Hídricos 2012-2025, en Chile el sector agrícola es el principal usuario de agua, con una extracción del 73%, mientras que la minería y otras industrias comparten el 21%.
Existen muchos factores que hoy afectan la disponibilidad y calidad del agua en Chile y el mundo: el cambio climático, la degradación de suelos, el uso poco eficiente del recurso, aplicaciones excesivas de plaguicidas y otras sustancias agroquímicas por parte de la agricultura, y el tratamiento de aguas servidas, entre otros.
En la Región de O’Higgins, durante los últimos siete años se han ejecutado por lo menos cuatro Fondos de Innovación para la Competitividad (FIC) relacionados puntualmente con el uso eficiente y la descontaminación de aguas, además de otros fondos y programas financiados por distintas instituciones estatales, lo que sin duda refleja la preocupación y la necesidad por una gestión hídrica inteligente.
La cantidad, calidad y disponibilidad de agua es tan importante para el desarrollo de los territorios que Naciones Unidas en el 2016, publicó un informe llamado “Agua y Empleo” a través de su programa World Water Development Report Archives, en cuyas conclusiones se muestra la estrecha relación entre calidad de agua, su disponibilidad y el empleo, impactando directamente en el crecimiento económico de cualquier país.
La disponibilidad de agua en la región es un problema conocido para el cual nunca hay soluciones fáciles o económicas, de hecho, la misma desalación de aguas marinas ha sido un cuello de botella que perfectamente han podido superar las empresas mineras en el norte, pero claro, ahí hay recursos económicos que superan la factibilidad técnica.
Según la Superintendencia de Medio Ambiente (SMA), en la Región de O’Higgins se han vertido en los distintos puntos de descarga, alrededor de 12,5 millones de metros cúbicos de aguas residuales entre los años 2016 y 2019, recursos que son desperdiciados por no contar con la tecnología adecuada para su tratamiento y reincorporación a distintos sectores productivos. En 2017, la Fundación Chile y el Gobierno Regional de la Región de Valparaíso realizaron un estudio que demostraba la factibilidad costo/beneficio en el reuso de aguas residuales, alternativa que, sin duda, debemos considerar.
En febrero del 2018 se promulgó la Ley 21.075 que regula la recolección, reutilización y disposición de aguas grises, la cual si bien representa un avance, tiene ciertas restricciones que deben ser superadas para un uso más eficiente de este preciado recurso.
Los primeros desarrollos tecnológicos en el ámbito del tratamiento de aguas (por lo menos en lo que se puede rastrear en los registros de patentes), partieron en la década de los 40’, y se basaron principalmente en compuestos desinfectantes, sistemas biológicos y compuestos de coagulación y floculación, pero a medida que la sociedad y sus necesidades se fueron complejizando, y por lo tanto, emergiendo nuevos contaminantes, se han desarrollado tecnologías de membranas de intercambio iónico, cavitación ultrasónica, electromagnetismo, filtros físicos, etc.
No es posible que hoy en la comuna de Coinco, por ejemplo, en algunos sectores no se puedan cultivar hortalizas de hojas debido a la pésima calidad del agua disponible.
Lo que necesitamos hoy, es conocer las características físico-químicas de nuestras aguas residuales, invertir en tecnología e investigación y desarrollo de forma local, para así avanzar hacia un desarrollo sostenible de cada una de nuestras comunas. No es posible que hoy en la comuna de Coinco, por ejemplo, en algunos sectores no se puedan cultivar hortalizas de hojas debido a la pésima calidad del agua disponible. Este desafío lo debemos hacer propio desde el gobierno Local, el sector privado y la academia; sólo así nuestra región volverá a transformarse en el huerto de Chile que alguna vez fue.
94 comentarios en “Cambio de paradigma en la gestión hídrica regional”
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