Chile después de los incendios: Tiempo de cambios en el territorio

La legislación existente y las capacidades administrativas se deben utilizar con rigor y de manera sistemática para regular tendidos eléctricos, apenas termine la emergencia, fortaleciendo los recursos humanos destinados a estas tareas. Una nueva ley debe obligar a mejorar los planes de manejo de los predios privados, debidamente autorizados por la autoridad pública. Esto requerirá formar con urgencia a más técnicos en seguridad territorial y prevención de riesgos y una mayor dotación presupuestaria a la altura del desafío.

La legislación existente y las capacidades administrativas se deben utilizar con rigor y de manera sistemática para regular tendidos eléctricos, apenas termine la emergencia, fortaleciendo los recursos humanos destinados a estas tareas. Una nueva ley debe obligar a mejorar los planes de manejo de los predios privados, debidamente autorizados por la autoridad pública. Esto requerirá formar con urgencia a más técnicos en seguridad territorial y prevención de riesgos y una mayor dotación presupuestaria a la altura del desafío.

Gonzalo Martner

La impresionante ola de incendios (más de 400 mil hectáreas quemadas) pone en cuestión la lógica de ordenamiento del territorio, seguida desde el fin de la reforma agraria, basada en los derechos de propiedad irrestrictos de los dueños privados de la tierra. Se facilitó, durante la dictadura y las décadas siguientes, una enorme acumulación de capital en base a la primacía de la agricultura comercial de exportación en el valle central y en los valles transversales, así como una gigantesca expansión subsidiada (el subsidio solo terminó en 2012) y concentrada de plantaciones forestales artificiales en el secano costero y franjas cordilleranas, y muchos otros espacios rurales. Dicho sea de paso, en un trabajo de 1986 ya alertábamos con Arón Cavieres y Raúl Molina, recientemente fallecido, sobre los efectos ambientales y sobre el campesinado de estas plantaciones.

El resultado es que se reemplazó, en una generación, buena parte de la vegetación nativa del país, mientras las prácticas intensivas de explotación agrícola, ganadera y forestal alteraron profundamente los ecosistemas, especialmente los cursos de agua. El cambio climático global se ha traducido, además, en una sequía prolongada que ya dura más de una década. Junto al efecto de la homogeneización productiva y la ausencia de normas regulatorias eficaces y de aplicación efectiva de las existentes, estos factores incidieron en la transformación de vastos espacios rurales en lugares propicios para los incendios, tanto accidentales como provocados, con graves y masivas consecuencias. Este efecto, a la postre devastador y recurrente, se agrega al deterioro ecológico progresivo y generalizado en los espacios rurales.

Es inadmisible, en el terreno, que algunos propietarios de predios incluso se nieguen a facilitar agua para apagar incendios, acostumbrados a la lógica propietarista del “modelo” de mercado del tipo: “yo maximizo mi utilidad, compito con otros y ese es mi rol y punto”. Se supone que esa competencia, siempre muy relativa por las asimetrías estructurales de poder de mercado, asegura la prosperidad del conjunto, así es que nada de autoridades o agrupaciones sociales que velen por el interés común. Esto es una falacia, pues los mercados no conducen al bienestar de la sociedad y requieren de acciones colectivas que los subordinen social y ambientalmente al interés general, como lo ha demostrado la amplia literatura sobre fallas de mercado (incluyendo los premios nobeles Stiglitz y Tirole, entre otros) y aquella sobre construcción de mercados orientados al bien común (Mazzucato y otros) en economías mixtas.

Este ha sido un caso más del olvido en Chile, con la excepción de minorías poco escuchadas, del hecho que la finalidad de la actividad económica es el logro progresivo de un bienestar humano equitativo y sostenible; no la maximización de un indicador abstracto como el PIB por habitante (para un análisis en profundidad ver https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mexiko/16321.pdf).

 Ahora hay que realizar con urgencia una necesaria tarea legislativa, policial y judicial para perseguir a los incendiarios causantes de muertes y destrucciones del hábitat humano y físico. Pero la situación de base, sobre la que intervenir, es el ordenamiento del territorio. Así como en su momento se introdujeron normas de higiene -reforzadas en la pandemia-, y seguridad en el trabajo o bien normas constructivas frente a los terremotos que aumentaron significativamente la protección de la vida humana, aunque supusieran más costos y una menor productividad aparente, cabe ahora pasar a una fase de reglas duras de uso del territorio rural para la prevención de riesgos, sin perjuicio de mejorar los planos reguladores regionales y comunales y avanzar en normas más estrictas de uso del suelo rural, desde una perspectiva de sostenibilidad (la regulación urbana es harina de otro costal, aunque está relacionada). Esta debe ser la prioridad de política pública, antes que temas tributarios muy relevantes, pero de otra índole y temporalidad.

Las realidades regionales son diferentes, pero es indispensable y urgente iniciar el fin de toda explotación comercial de cualquier índole cerca de los cursos de agua y quebradas, con un prudente pero breve período de transición. Así se podrá restablecer o fortalecer la vegetación nativa que sirva de contrafuego, además de espacios de preservación de la biodiversidad, junto a corredores amplios de separación en cada plantación forestal que impidan la propagación del fuego, incluyendo el uso de pastoreo de primavera. Lo propio debe ocurrir con los tendidos eléctricos, en los que a ojos vista no se cumple la normativa de distancia mínima de la vegetación.

La legislación existente y las capacidades administrativas se deben utilizar con rigor y de manera sistemática para este objetivo, apenas termine la emergencia, fortaleciendo los recursos humanos destinados a estas tareas. Una nueva ley debe obligar a mejorar los planes de manejo de los predios privados, debidamente autorizados por la autoridad pública (es indispensable, señor@s neoliberales, ¡qué le vamos a hacer!), y consagrar la obligación de establecerlos y mantenerlos actualizados donde no existan, junto a una evaluación ambiental para todo proyecto forestal industrial. Esto requerirá formar con urgencia a más técnicos en seguridad territorial y prevención de riesgos y una mayor dotación presupuestaria a la altura del desafío, que se traduzca en un plan a tres años del Ministerio de Agricultura y de Conaf, Indap y SAG, y del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, en coordinación con los gobiernos regionales y los municipios. Solo así se podrá evitar la repetición de tragedias que se repiten, una tras otra vez, todos los veranos.

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