En Chile, las situaciones de crisis han sido regularmente resueltas por un bando vencedor que impone las reglas. El estallido social de 2019, largamente larvado y sostenido por un movimiento social que copó las calles, dio origen a un proceso sin precedentes en la historia de Chile: la oportunidad de salir de la crisis mediante la redacción de una Constitución, la primera que no ha seguido la lógica de la imposición de una clase sobre la mayoría.
Fanny Astudillo, Andrés Miranda, Idelfonso Yáñez
La historia social en Chile ha sido determinada generalmente por el “bando vencedor”. Este planteamiento surge de una breve revisión de cómo la forma en que la sociedad chilena ha sido históricamente gobernada se ha sustentado en la imposición de un estrato social sobre otro. En ese sentido, los movimientos sociales han sido relevantes y determinantes en el momento previo a la gestación de las constituciones que han surgido en nuestro país como reacción a una situación de coyuntura nacional, guerras civiles y la intervención de militares en cada una de ellas.
Los movimientos sociales han existido desde siempre en la historia. En la etapa de la revolución industrial se desarrollaron de tres movimientos de clases en el siglo XX: burgués, obrero y campesino. Luego, el advenimiento de la sociedad posindustrial y la instalación y consolidación del modelo capitalista, cuyo impacto en la economía y transformación de la sociedad produjo enormes consecuencias negativas, determinó la aparición de la marginalidad y la pobreza dentro de la sociedad.
Los movimientos sociales han surgido con una fuerte consistencia histórica como una respuesta frente a los efectos de los sistemas sociales, políticos y económicos. Poseen una fuerza intrínseca, construida a partir de una “cultura propia” que surge de sus propios conocimientos, producidos y replicados en los denominados espacios “locales o comunitarios”, cuya dinámica de lo cotidiano, en sus diversos grados, se diferencia de la del sistema dominante. Esto, porque los movimientos sociales tratan de ajustarse a sí mismos, con sus propios diseños y herramientas, procuran modificar los desperfectos en sectores del sistema o buscan cambiarlo por completo.
Los graves problemas públicos, tales como falta de salubridad, de acceso a la educación, alimentación, vivienda, trabajo y seguridad social implican “dolores” en la ciudadanía, los que aglutinan a quienes los experimentan como significativos para su historia. Son padecimientos, sin duda, variables y se han manifestado en diversos movimientos sociales, que han buscado presionar a la institucionalidad del Estado, con la finalidad de visibilizar sus demandas.
En la actualidad, Chile es un país cuya norma gobernante es la de los juristas y economistas neoliberales, legado de la dictadura cívico-militar y de una Constitución fraguada por el “bando vencedor”. Este paraguas jurídico ha sido identificado como el causante principal de los dolores ciudadanos, de una cultura centrada en la individualidad más que en un proyecto colectivo, del premio a quien se esfuerza en una cancha dispareja, del dejar hacer y dejar pasar; en definitiva, una cadena de malestares que ebullieron en una olla a presión hasta que estalló, pero con ciertos avisos previos que, por su arrogancia, la élite política no visualizó.
Con la llegada de la democracia, nuestro país no comenzó un proceso de transformación como era de esperar; ocurrió lo contrario: se inició un camino hacia el perfeccionamiento de la estructura económica y política del estado neoliberal, cuya profundización hizo parecer que Chile era un ejemplo de un “modelo exitoso”. En realidad, Chile se transformó en una nación con una economía de mercado abierta y muy permisiva, en cuanto a fiscalización, con un estado subsidiario, guardián severo de los equilibrios macroeconómicos a costa de la ciudadanía.
Los dolores y desgaste causados en la sociedad por este modelo originaron diversos movimientos que dieron claras señales sobre el agotamiento del modelo. En 2006, los estudiantes secundarios dieron un primer indicio, evidenciando las deficiencias de la LOCE (Ley Orgánica de Educación). A contar de 2011, con mucha fuerza, comenzaron a emerger movimientos sociales con distintos objetivos, en espacios territoriales diversos y atendiendo necesidades múltiples, como no +AFP, fin al lucro en la educación, vivienda digna. Todos con un mínimo común denominador: manifestarse en contra de efectos y consecuencias negativas del modelo neoliberal imperante. Podríamos decir que la década de 2010 se inició con movimientos sociales, y finalizó con el estallido de esta olla a presión ciudadana, movilizada e indignada por los dolores de la sociedad y la poca eficiencia y eficacia de las instituciones. En octubre de 2019, sin organización institucional, jóvenes secundarios de los liceos emblemáticos de la capital comenzaron a saltar los torniquetes en diferentes puntos del metro de Santiago, en protesta por un alza en el pasaje, que no solo los afectaba a ellos, sino también a sus familias. “Evadir, no pagar, otra forma de luchar”, se escuchaba en las principales calles y avenidas de la ciudad, en el grito de decenas de jóvenes que invitaban a los demás usuarios a evadir. Estas acciones, desarrolladas durante toda la semana, generaron acciones represivas por parte de la autoridad y, como respuesta, la destrucción de torniquetes, quema de locales comerciales, empresas y saqueos, muestras claras del tránsito desde el movimiento social al estallido o revuelta social. El estado de excepción trajo el recuerdo de los peores días de la dictadura militar, con la vulneración de los derechos humanos, más de 500 personas con daño ocular, veintena de muertos y miles de personas vulneradas en sus derechos.
Finalmente, el 15 de noviembre de 2019, las distintas fuerzas políticas firmaron un acuerdo para sentar las bases de la paz social y la nueva Constitución, concretando el 25 de octubre de 2020, por medio de un plebiscito, la posibilidad de crear una nueva Constitución, por medio de una Convención Constitucional, con representación de la ciudadanía, un hito nunca antes visto en nuestro país. La opción del Apruebo se impuso con un 78,25%, en una fiesta democrática llena de esperanza que se hizo eco de la búsqueda de igualdad y dignidad para la ciudadanía.
Epílogo: hacia un reconocimiento social a los movimientos como agentes de cambio
Los movimientos sociales son parte de nuestra historia y, desde cierto punto de vista, en la coyuntura actual han dado cuenta del malestar ciudadano, los dolores y necesidades surgidas, a propósito de las consecuencias del agotamiento del sistema vigente validado por la Constitución, las condiciones negativas que ha generado la economía para distintos estratos. Todo ello, ha llevado a la ciudadanía a emplazar al Estado, en un contexto en que la falta de respuestas para cada situación ha tenido como consecuencia crisis y movimientos sociales, que exigen demandas que mejoren las condiciones sociales, como ha ocurrido en diferentes pasajes de nuestra historia, en el siglo XX y a inicios del siglo XXI.
Cada tiempo tuvo sus movimientos sociales, enfrentados a los gobernantes y a la represión de las fuerzas armadas y de orden. La democracia establece diferencias que se sostienen en el ámbito económico. En este escenario, no todos los actores están en las mismas condiciones: existen aquellos con mayor poder político, económico y otros sin poder. Los primeros son determinantes, a la hora de definir la estructura y las políticas públicas del Estado; la deficiencia de esas políticas han sido parte en el surgimiento de nuevos movimientos sociales y nuevas adaptaciones que establezcan las relaciones entre Estado y sociedad, o este llamado nuevo “pacto social”.
Tenemos en el plebiscito de salida, como ciudadanía, la oportunidad para definir una nueva Constitución. Este hecho histórico, surge del arrastre de dolores, injusticias y búsqueda de dignidad en nuestra historia social chilena y viene a ratificar la importancia de los movimientos sociales en los cambios más profundos de la sociedad.
Esta columna es un trabajo realizado por los autores en el proyecto Metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) del curso Historia Política Constitucional: Chile violento del magister en Gerencia y Políticas Públicas de la Universidad de Santiago.
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i�ini bu kadar iyi yapan bir siteye denk gelmek �ok g�zel. Tebrikler ve ba�ar�lar dilerim!
Her ziyaretimde yeni bir �ey ��reniyorum. ��erikler �ok �zenli ve profesyonelce haz�rlanm��.
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