Los derechos culturales son derechos humanos básicos, pues la cultura es la esencia de nuestra identidad. Tenemos una gran diversidad de expresiones culturales en cada rincón de nuestro país, que debemos proteger y asegurar. Y también hay mucho que integrar de la riqueza que nos traen migrantes de todo el mundo
Por Flor Ilic
En los últimos días hemos visto como la Convención Constitucional avanza a paso firme con su reglamento general, aprobando las siete comisiones que tendrán por misión elaborar cada uno de los artículos de la nueva constitución. Una de ellas es la comisión sobre sistemas de conocimientos, culturas, ciencia, tecnología, artes y patrimonios.
Esta comisión es una excelente señal para que se puedan establecer derechos culturales en la nueva constitución, una deuda con el desarrollo cultural de nuestro país, ya que la constitución actual no ha generado una debida protección al mayor factor de desarrollo e identidad de una nación. Además, se definieron algunos aspectos comunicacionales que también aportan en la integración cultural en este proceso tan importante, como por ejemplo que las transmisiones deberán ser emitidas y subtituladas en lenguaje de señas y que los documentos que emita deben estar disponibles en la lengua de todas las naciones originarias posibles, y además en inglés.
Esto, sumado a que la conformación de convencionales también es reflejo de la diversidad de nuestro país (electos por sufragio popular, de manera paritaria y con cupos reservados a pueblos originarios), da claras señales de que podremos por primera vez en nuestra historia contar con una constitución que refleje el cambio cultural que está viviendo nuestro país.
Pero, ¿por qué es importante contar con derechos culturales en la Constitución?
A nivel internacional, los derechos culturales fueron establecidos hace más de 50 años por el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, adoptado por la Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas el 19 de diciembre de 1966, el que fue suscrito por Chile el 16 de septiembre de 1969. Sin embargo, la realidad del desarrollo cultural en Chile hoy es crítica.
Vemos cómo la pandemia ha dejado al descubierto la precariedad en la que viven miles de creadores y entidades que se sustentan en la realización de actividades culturales, cómo nuestro patrimonio material, inmaterial y natural no tiene el valor que debería tener para el Estado y la relevancia del acceso a la cultura para el desarrollo de las personas no tiene prioridad. Ejemplo de ello es lo dicho por la misma ministra de Cultura, Patrimonio y las Artes, Consuelo Valdés, sobre el presupuesto de la cartera para el 2021: “un peso que se coloque en cultura es porque se deja de colocar en otro programa o necesidad de los ciudadanos», ganando el rechazo generalizado de todo el sector cultural. Es más, el apoyo entregado a los artistas y gestores culturales durante la pandemia ha sido tardío y débil, lo que los dejó a la deriva y obligó a cerrar espacios culturales, lo que se suma a que los beneficios sociales tampoco llegaron adecuadamente, puesto que en el ámbito cultural hay una gran informalidad.
Incluso, la manera de aproximarse al conflicto mapuche tiene mucho que ver con la falta de un abordaje profundo y que considere la cultura, limitándola a una guerrilla territorial entre empresarios, la policía estatal, privada y los comuneros. Claramente, no se está dimensionando la raíz del conflicto, que está profundamente arraigada en su cosmovisión, costumbres, desarrollo socio-cultural y arraigo territorial. Todo esto y mucho más, nos obliga a reflexionar sobre la relevancia de proteger los derechos culturales en la nueva constitución.
Si tenemos dos premios Nobel de Literatura que estudiaron en escuelas públicas, es legítimo que nos preguntemos: ¿cuántos creadores estamos perdiendo por la falta de igualdad de oportunidades?, ¿cuántos oficios se están extinguiendo por falta de una mayor valoración y apoyo por parte del Estado y de la sociedad?
Hoy el cambio de mirada social es claramente cultural y debe incluir la mirada de género, la mirada ecológica, el rol del estado como garante de derechos en una sociedad que ponga en valor el cuidado y el buen vivir como eje social.
Hoy el cambio de mirada social es claramente cultural y debe incluir la mirada de género, la mirada ecológica, el rol del estado como garante de derechos en una sociedad que ponga en valor el cuidado y el buen vivir como eje social. Es un viraje desde una cultura patriarcal y dominante hacia una mirada intercultural, que pone en valor nuestros orígenes, que busca restituir la dignidad de las culturas nuestros pueblos originarios, sus tradiciones, sus tierras, sus lenguas, sus derechos, que promueve la inclusión y la diversidad social y territorial.
Hay mucho qué hacer en el ámbito cultural. Los derechos culturales son derechos humanos básicos, pues la cultura es la esencia de nuestra identidad, no tenemos que seguir mirando hacia afuera para encontrar referentes de identidad latinoamericana, o referentes culturales y económicos, tenemos una gran diversidad de expresiones culturales en cada rincón de nuestro país, que debemos proteger y asegurar. Y también hay mucho que integrar de la riqueza que nos traen migrantes de todo el mundo que ven en Chile una oportunidad de crecer.
La solidaridad entre los pueblos también implica la mirada integral para abordar las crisis migratorias que está viviendo el planeta, y que hoy Chile está manejando de muy mala manera. Justamente, la reacción de compatriotas en el norte del país, humillando a aquellos migrantes que están buscando un asilo humanitario en Chile es el reflejo de la necesidad de proteger los derechos culturales en nuestro territorio, no solo de quienes han nacido en él, sino que también el respeto por aquellos que vienen de otras tierras y que traen consigo un acervo propio, que debe ser acogido.
Es por eso que urge tener una nueva constitución (con un Estado) plurinacional, que reconozca y respete la autonomía de los pueblos originarios, que incorpore la cultura como un derecho y eje fundamental del desarrollo humano, y que descentralice a través de una regionalización efectiva, considerando a los territorios con sus diferencias y atributos culturales, potenciando decisiones desde los gobiernos locales, con una amplia participación ciudadana basada en la diversidad e inclusión.
Es tiempo de saldar una deuda con nosotros mismos, asegurando el futuro de las próximas generaciones con una constitución que refleje y proteja nuestra identidad, estableciendo la cultura como un derecho humano vital para el desarrollo integral de las personas, resguardando el complejo y frágil tejido artístico-cultural bajo el amparo de la ley.
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