Derechos mortales: la tenencia de armas y los tiroteos en los EE.UU.

En su análisis, David sintetiza la historia de la libre posesión de armas en los EE.UU., que data de tiempos coloniales. En esta síntesis nos habla del perpetuo Groundhog Day que viven los norteamericanos cuando se trata de tiroteos masivos en colegios, iglesias, universidades. Aunque existe una solución legislativa el matrimonio de los republicanos y la NRA lo hace imposible de momento.

David Allen Harvey

Los tiroteos o mass shootings en los Estados Unidos parecen una versión particularmente macabra y trágica de la película Groundhog Day: ocurren con una frecuencia deprimente, con detalles que apenas varían—solamente cambian el lugar de los hechos y la identidad de las víctimas. Pero los datos claves siempre son los mismos: el asesino es casi siempre un hombre soltero joven (normalmente, pero no siempre, de raza blanca) con problemas mentales o de adaptación social, las autoridades políticas lamentan el hecho y prometen actuar (sin jamás cumplir), y el público conmemora las muertes en redes sociales y en pequeños santuarios improvisados en los lugares del crimen, para luego olvidarlas, tras unos pocos días, hasta que se repita el ciclo. Lo central de todo es el uso de armas y municiones de guerra, sobre todo el rifle semiautomático AR-15, producto de alta tecnología y sumamente letal, fabricado en los EE.UU. para no quedarse atrás del famoso AK-47 ruso en la carrera armamentista. En la mayoría de los países del mundo, sin embargo, tales armas de asalto no se venden a civiles. ¿Por qué se permite su venta libre en Estados Unidos, y por qué no se limita la tenencia de armas letales frente a tantas tragedias?

La respuesta no es simple. Hay factores que remontan a los orígenes coloniales de los Estados Unidos, y otros que responden a su situación actual. En la época colonial, norteamérica eran muy escasamente poblado, y muchos de sus habitantes vivían lejos de las sedes del poder militar británico. Para proteger sus intereses personales y la seguridad colectiva, solían andar armados, y se organizaban en milicias coloniales bajo el liderazgo de los principales personajes del lugar (antes de ser el padre de la patria, George Washington tuvo su aprendizaje militar como coronel de la milicia de Virginia, su tierra natal). Las milicias coloniales tuvieron un papel protagónico en la victoria de Gran Bretaña sobre Francia en la Guerra de Siete Años (1756-1763), y después formaron la base del ejército rebelde en la Guerra de la Independencia (1775-1783). Por esto, su rol fue consagrado en la Constitución que se adoptó en 1787. El segundo artículo de la Declaración de Derechos, agregado al documento original dos años después, dice: “Una milicia bien entrenada siendo esencial a la seguridad del Estado, el derecho del pueblo de mantener y llevar armas no será restringido”. Esta cláusula, basada en la realidad del siglo dieciocho, sigue vigente como ley orgánica de los Estados Unidos y, en principio, solo se puede modificar por un cambio constitucional.

Desde las milicias coloniales del siglo dieciocho hasta los cowboys del auge del gran Oeste norteamericano, en la segunda mitad del siglo diecinueve, y los notorios gangsters de los principios del siglo veinte, las armas de fuego siempre han sido centrales a la identidad norteamericana. Una causa fundamental—por extraño que puede parecer hoy—fue la debilidad del estado norteamericano antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El Oeste, en realidad, nunca fue la tierra mítica sin ley ni orden de las películas clásicas de Hollywood, pero sí fue una zona violenta con escaza presencia policial, en la cual cada persona tenía que velar por su propia seguridad. Lo mismo se puede decir de las grandes ciudades de los comienzos del siglo veinte, donde el crimen organizado ocupó el vacío dejado por un estado todavía en su infancia. Una fuerte tendencia de “vigilantismo” en gran parte del país—sobre todo en el sur posesclavista, donde grupos como el infame Ku Klux Klan mantenían el orden racial a través del terror—también formaba parte del cuadro, pero este lado oscuro no se representaba a menudo en las películas de Hollywood.

Sin embargo, el fenómeno de los mass shootings es relativamente nuevo. Hasta las últimas décadas del siglo pasado, las armas disponibles al público no eran tan poderosas: rifles de caza y pistolas tradicionales de seis balas. Había tiroteos en aquella época, pero eran menos frecuentes, y con armas de menor capacidad, menos letales. El desarrollo y venta de los fusiles y pistolas automáticas cambió la situación, poniendo más poder destructivo al alcance de los antisociales. El gobierno de Bill Clinton, en los años noventa, tomó algunas medidas para enfrentarse a la nueva realidad: en 1993, creó un registro nacional con el objetivo de prevenir el acceso a las armas para personas con antecedentes criminales y, en 1994, prohibió la venta de armas de asalto a civiles durante un período de diez años. Fueron dos pasos importantes, pero insuficientes para frenar una ola creciente de violencia.

Viene entonces el factor político, quizás el más importante en el aumento de los mass shootings en las últimas tres décadas. Hay una alianza política muy fuerte entre el Partido Republicano y la National Rifle Association, un grupo de lobby que representa tanto a los fabricantes de armas como a los entusiastas que compran sus productos. Como ya he señalado, la cultura de las armas de fuego es muy fuerte en gran parte de los EE.UU., sobre todo en las zonas rurales del centro y sur del país, y los opositores de Clinton hicieron una campaña feroz en su contra, diciendo que las restricciones impuestas por el presidente representaban un atentado contra la libertad. Estas declaraciones, citando los artículos de la Constitución que garantizan el derecho a las armas, han sido un éxito político por los republicanos, quienes ganaron el control del Congreso en 1994, y de la Casa Blanca seis años después, con un nuevo presidente, George W. Bush, quien se vistió como un cowboy y declaró su apoyo a la tenencia ilimitada de las armas. Su vicepresidente, Dick Cheney, fue más allá con sus frecuentes excursiones de caza, llegando a herir de bala a uno de sus amigos con un disparo errado. Desde entonces, los republicanos se han opuesto ferozmente a cualquier intento de limitar la venta y circulación de armas letales, y los demócratas, temiendo sufrir una nueva derrota como la de 1994, han evitado enfrentarse al tema. La prohibición de la venta de armas de asalto caducó en 2004, y el número de armas en circulación se multiplicó, hasta el punto que, en 2022, se calcula que hay más armas que personas en los EE.UU. (aproximadamente 400 millones de armas, frente a 330 millones de habitantes). Como la posesión ilimitada de armas letales se ha convertido en un artículo de fe para el Partido Republicano y sus seguidores, las posibilidades de una solución legislativa parecen cada vez más escazas. Los estados rurales y conservadores representan un bloque casi insuperable en el senado, con el poder de vetar cualquier intento de limitar la circulación de las armas. La Corte Suprema, dominada en este momento por una mayoría reaccionaria, se apoya de las provisiones constitucionales para defender el derecho absoluto de tenencia de cualquier tipo de armas.  Para los extranjeros, la asociación cultural de la posesión de armas con la libertad resulta difícil de entender. Viene de una narrativa particular de la historia del país, según la cual solo ciudadanos armados están en condiciones de defender sus derechos e impedir que el gobierno, aunque sea democrático, se vuelva tiránico. La obsesión de la ultra-derecha norteamericana con las armas refleja su falta de confianza en las instituciones del país y su temor al cambio cultural y demográfico. En muchos casos, este individualismo extremo y pesimismo cultural se mezclan con una mentalidad paranoica, que teme la “invasión” de inmigrantes, la pérdida de la soberanía nacional a grupos como la ONU o el estallido de una nueva guerra civil, y las armas letales aparecen como la única defensa contra estos peligros imaginarios.

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