–Adriana Bastías
A nivel mundial, existen brechas de género horizontales en ciencias; en otras palabras, hay áreas de las ciencias que son muy masculinizadas como las matemáticas, ingeniería y física. Y, si bien este tema ha sido cada vez más visible en las universidades chilenas y existen programas que favorecen la incorporación de mujeres en ingeniería, por ejemplo, la verdad es que, durante las carreras estudiantiles, laborales y/o académicas, se encuentran con un ambiente masculinizado que las hace sentir como foráneas. Este ambiente no sólo es hostil hacia las mujeres, sino también para todas las personas que no cumplen con los cánones de masculinidad esperada. Pero estas diferencias y el no sentirse parte del grupo o un espacio dado, la ciencia ha demostrado que comienza mucho antes. Conocido es el estudio que muestra cómo niñas, a partir de los 6 años, ante la pregunta de qué identifica a una persona como muy inteligente, creen que se trata de un hombre y cuando se les hizo identificarse entre un grupo de personas muy inteligentes y otro de personas muy esforzadas, ellas se reconocieron en este segundo grupo, también a partir de los 6 años. Niñ@s menores a esa edad identificaron a personas muy inteligentes con su propio sexo. Esto muestra cómo los estereotipos de género, es decir, creencias de cómo deben ser y comportarse mujeres y hombres se arraiga en nuestra infancia temprana, y va marcando nuestras elecciones a futuro, primero a nivel escolar y luego a nivel laboral.
En Chile, también existen brechas de género verticales, ingresan más mujeres a la universidad y se titulan más, pero, a medida que avanzamos en la carrera académica, van desapareciendo. Lo que muestra, de alguna manera, que el acceso es una de las barreras por la que debemos preocuparnos cuando hablamos de equidad de género. Y cuando nos referimos a la necesidad de más mujeres en las áreas STEM (por el acrónimo en inglés de ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas), en forma natural se debe abrir las áreas feminizadas para el ingreso de más hombres. Sin embargo, debemos visualizar toda la trayectoria educacional y académica para ver un panorama completo de las barreras que deben enfrentar niñas y mujeres en el área de las ciencias. Para abordar el problema, no podemos reducir todo al acceso, es necesario complejizar la discusión.
Sin duda, el panorama actual es mejor que el que enfrentaron nuestras abuelas o madres, ha habido avances en la búsqueda de una igualdad sustantiva entre hombres y mujeres. Por ejemplo, nunca antes habíamos tenido tantas mujeres rectoras en Chile. Sin embargo, aún queda mucho por hacer. El Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación ha hecho esfuerzos como los proyectos Ines de género, que buscan disminuir las brechas en investigación. Sin embargo, estos proyectos están en plena ejecución, por lo que se deberá evaluar la implementación de cada uno en las instituciones de educación superior. Un aspecto que varios proyectos presentan es la creación de mentoras para otras mujeres. Pero, el trabajo que implica realizar estas mentorías, utilizando horas de trabajo para esto, mientras los colegas hombres siguen investigando y publicando, debiese ser considerado para evitar precarización. Otro aspecto que destacar es el anuncio de la actualización de la política de género del ministerio, que debiese llevarse a cabo durante este año. Es de esperar que se incorporen adecuadamente las interseccionalidades que tenemos las mujeres en el desarrollo de nuestra carrera académica. No es lo mismo ser mujer en Santiago, que en otras regiones. Ni tampoco lo es ser mujer indígena o no, o tener alguna discapacidad, o venir de una familia de profesionales versus ser primera generación universitaria, etc.
Por otra parte, la implementación de la ley 21360, que previene y sanciona el acoso sexual, la discriminación y la violencia de género en las instituciones de educación, es una herramienta que viene a apoyar las unidades de género existentes en estas instituciones y, en el caso de que no hubieran existido, a crearlas. Ahora, la participación efectiva de todos los estamentos de universidades, centros de formación técnica, institutos y escuelas matrices de las Fuerzas Armadas y de Orden, en la creación de protocolos y políticas de género, es harina de otro costal. Así como, también, que se siga financiando con fondos públicas a acosadores sancionados.
Es importante que más mujeres aporten a la generación de conocimientos en las ciencias, los equipos diversos se enfrentan mejor a problemas complejos, por ejemplo, pero debemos trabajar para que esas niñas que en el futuro ingresen al área de las ciencias lo hagan en ambientes que sean adecuados para su desarrollo integral.
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