Desinformación y Convención Constitucional: ¿Un recurso para deslegitimar?

Una de las dificultades que ha tenido que superar la Convención Constitucional y el cambio de Constitución en Chile es la desinformación. Esto ha levantado las alertas de cómo puede impactar en el final de este camino, como también determinar si este es un recurso utilizado por un sector político, para deslegitimar el trabajo realizado por este órgano democráticamente elegido.

Jorge Gatica, Katherine Ibarra y María José Vásquez[1]

La labor y acciones de la Convención Constitucional (CC), el organismo elegido democráticamente para crear una nueva Constitución para Chile ha tomado gran presencia en los medios de comunicación y en las redes sociales, debido a la gran penetración de estas últimas en la vida de los ciudadanos y su alto uso como recurso informativo. Y aunque esto podría ser una buena noticia para difundir este histórico proceso en Chile, en el entorno comunicacional de este proceso ha estado rodeado de desinformación. Desde el inicio de la Convención Constitucional, se ha masificado información imprecisa o definitivamente falsa en torno al quehacer de este organismo, como también mensajes de odio hacia quienes conforman la CC, que se han convertido en tendencia en redes sociales.

La desinformación es una problemática que se ha tomado la atención no sólo de Chile, sino que a nivel internacional por las consecuencias perjudiciales que puede tener en sus audiencias. Esta columna busca verificar este entorno de desinformación frente al cambio constitucional en Chile, como también descubrir si es posible determinar el origen o causas de la información imprecisa, para finalmente determinar si esta es usada como un recurso para deslegitimar y desacreditar el proceso, por parte de un sector político de oposición a este proceso, y si esto ha ocurrido en periodos políticos similares del pasado en el país.

La desinformación y el proceso constitucional

La desinformación es definida, por la Comisión Europea, como información verificablemente falsa o engañosa, que es creada y divulgada con fines lucrativos o para inducir al error a la población (2018). Esta información es presentada como noticias reales, como verdades frente a las audiencias, pero que tiene una intención política y/o comercial privada o acorde a un sector social (McNair, 2018).

En Chile, esta problemática se puede entender en distintos marcos sociales. Uno de ellos es la concentración de medios de comunicación, donde un sector empresarial es dueño de gran parte de estos, disminuyendo la diversidad de líneas editoriales y el pluralismo de temas en ellos, proponiendo una agenda de temas y miradas acorde a sus propios intereses. Por otra parte, la gran incidencia de las redes sociales en la ciudadanía, las que son usadas como principal fuente para informarse del acontecer nacional, también han sido un punto relevante en la proliferación y masificación de noticias imprecisas.

El trabajo de la Convención Constitucional, desde sus inicios, ha estado bajo la atenta mirada de ciudadan@s, sectores políticos y medios de comunicación. El proceso de su instalación y su quehacer se ha realizado con la realidad comunicacional, antes mencionada, que ha facilitado un entorno de desinformación, noticias falsas y mensajes de odio generados por distintos actores públicos y políticos. Estas imprecisiones han sido replicadas y amplificadas, tanto por miembros de la convención, como por líderes intermedios a través de redes sociales (RRSS), como también por los diferentes medios de comunicación, los que responden a los propios intereses y posiciones políticas de quienes representan. 

A menos de un mes de la instalación de la CC y la elección de su presidenta Elisa Loncón, la Fundación Interpreta (2021) realizó un seguimiento a la tendencia en la red social Twitter que aludía a la destitución de Loncón. Se determinó que esta fue impulsada por una cuenta de tipo “bot” (automatizada para emitir un gran volumen de mensajes), alcanzando cerca de 30 mil cuentas con sus tweets, incluso siendo promovida con el hashtag #DestitucionDeElisaLoncon por legisladores como Sergio Bobadilla, diputado del partido político Unión Demócrata Independiente. Dicho hashtag fue utilizado por 10.230 autores únicos, de los cuales, 1.827 repiten en sus biografías palabras como “Rechazo”, “Anticomunista”, “Viva la Libertad”, “Derecha Siempre”, entre otras, sumado a la detección de tendencias a favor de José Antonio Kast, Teresa Marinovic y Marcela Cubillos, entre dichos usuarios.

Por otra parte, Datavoz  y la ONG Derechos Digitales (2022) determinaron que el 58% de los encuestados declaró haber conocido información que resultó ser falsa sobre la CC y que esta fue obtenida a través de las redes sociales, y que 6 de cada 20 personas ha compartido información de la Convención que ha resultado ser falsa, resaltando que las  personas que comparten estos contenidos lo hacen en relación con sus preferencias ideológicas, creando como verdaderas aquellas afirmaciones que se parecen más a sus preconcepciones (Fábrega, Acharán, & Valenzuela, 2022).

Sobre los medios de comunicación y las noticias publicadas en ellos, Plataforma Telar (2022), analizó 50 noticias sobre el proceso Constitucional, falsas y verificadas, publicadas semanas previas a la instalación de la Convención hasta la entrega de su borrador. Allí se señala que el origen de estas noticias, ya sean falsas o imprecisas, está mayoritariamente en redes sociales, con un 92% y un 8% emitidas por figuras políticas. En cuanto al contenido de estas noticias, se indica que el 80% de ellas son desfavorables al trabajo realizado por la Convención, de las cuales el 77% son totalmente falsas y el 23% imprecisas.

¿Esto ha ocurrido antes? 

Antes de este proceso, Chile se ha enfrentado a tres cambios constitucionales en 1833, 1925 y 1980. En el primero de ellos, la cobertura parcial y sesgada de la prensa de la época, afectó el desarrollo comunicacional de este momento, dando espacio solo a un sector político, el que estuvo a cargo del desarrollo de la nueva constitución, cerrando o aplicando grandes multas a periódicos que se opusieran a ellos. Por otra parte, en 1925, el cambio constitucional fue realizado a voluntad del presidente de la época, con el apoyo de los militares, generando un hostigamiento a grupos opositores, situación que se mantuvo en 1980 cuando la Constitución se realizó bajo una dictadura militar, donde estaba prohibida todo tipo de información que atentara o fuese diferente a la voluntad del régimen, siendo esta la Constitución que rige hasta hoy en Chile.

La desinformación: un recurso político

Si bien, es un hecho, la desinformación y noticias falsas e imprecisas sobre el proceso de la CC, no se puede probar con certeza que esto es un acto organizado por parte de un sector político especifico. Sin embargo, lo único que podemos señalar con claridad es que quienes crean o masifican estos mensajes sí pueden tener tendencias políticas en común. También es importante considerar que el cambio constitucional es un proceso donde se enfrentan distintas posturas sobre lo que se quiere para Chile, por lo que, acciones, de una u otra parte, para desprestigiar el proceso siempre puede ser una realidad. Es en estos casos cuando cobra más sentido el popular refrán: “Miente, miente, que algo queda”.


[1] Esta columna es parte de proyecto metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP), realizado en el contexto del curso de historia política constitucional “Chile violento del Magister en Gerencia y Políticas Públicas de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

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    неліктен сыртқы ортанғы және ішкі құлақ
    деп бөледі

  79. Can I just say what a relief to find someone who actually knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people need to read this and understand this side of the story. I cant believe youre not more popular because you definitely have the gift.

  80. Hello! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site? I’m getting sick and tired of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at options for another platform. I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

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