Se ha mostrado que, aunque hijos e hijas exhiban un desempeño similar en ciencias y matemáticas, el 50% de los padres chilenos esperan que sus hijos trabajen en carreras STEM. Sin embargo, solo un 20% tiene la misma expectativa de sus hijas.
Por Adriana Bastías, presidenta Red de Investigadoras
Estudios internacionales y nacionales han mostrado que los estereotipos de género (roles que se asignan a hombres y mujeres acerca de cómo deben ser y comportarse) sobre las capacidades intelectuales emerge a muy temprana edad e influencia nuestros intereses a futuro. Estos roles de género o conductas estereotipadas muchas veces son reforzados por los medios de comunicación, la publicidad, la escuela e incluso las propias familias.
La denominada amenaza del estereotipo aumenta en la enseñanza media en las adolescentes y jóvenes, produciendo muchas veces una disminución de la confianza, rendimiento e interés en las áreas STEM (ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas, por su acrónimo en inglés).
Se ha mostrado que, aunque hijos e hijas exhiban un desempeño similar en ciencias y matemáticas, el 50% de los padres chilenos esperan que sus hijos trabajen en carreras STEM. Sin embargo, solo un 20% tiene la misma expectativa de sus hijas. Siempre debemos considerar que las personas recibimos diferentes oportunidades y experiencias según el contexto cultural en el que crecemos y nos desarrollamos, y que las expectativas de las personas adultas de nuestro alrededor, tanto familiares como en nuestra escuela o colegio, van configurando nuestros intereses y aspiraciones profesionales.
En Chile, entran más mujeres a la universidad y se titulan más, pero seguimos siendo minoría en carreras científicas y tecnológicas. Varias universidades han generado ingresos especiales en carreras de ingeniería, lo que ha impactado en que más mujeres ingresen a la universidad no sólo por este ingreso especial, sino porque se produce, además, una mayor postulación de mujeres en estas áreas. También, se ha observado que este tipo de programa previene o disminuye la violencia de pareja y de género, por ejemplo, al reducir la dependencia económica de las mujeres y darles una mayor independencia de relaciones poco saludables. Sin embargo, no sólo el ingreso a estas carreras es importante, sino también generar espacios seguros donde se pueda producir un sentido de pertenencia adecuado para las mujeres y personas que no encajan en los cánones de masculinidad hegemónica imperante.
La Prueba de Transición Universitaria de este año muestra que las brechas entre hombres y mujeres aumentaron en todas las pruebas, incluso en comprensión lectora, donde tradicionalmente la brecha favorecía a las mujeres. Debiésemos estar atentas a ver si este panorama se mantiene o no el próximo año. Sus causas podrían ser que las jóvenes tienen más labores de cuidados en contexto de pandemia. De hecho, hasta ahora las encuestas de diferentes organizaciones producidas en pandemia muestran un aumento de las labores de cuidados para las mujeres. Y esto ha afectado también a investigadoras que ven que, a pesar de la promulgación de una política de género desde el Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, esta no ha permeado los instrumentos de la agencia. Por ejemplo, este año puso la postulación de un proyecto importante y bisagra en la carrera académica, como lo son los Fondecyt de Iniciación, en plenas vacaciones cuando los niños y muchas veces adultos mayores están al cuidado de mujeres, principalmente. Pasar de una política de género de corte más bien liberal a una interseccional es un desafío que tenemos pendiente.
144 comentarios en “El desafío de las ciencias para niñas, jóvenes y mujeres”
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