Para Christian Larraín, subsecretario de Previsión Social desde el 11 de marzo, la agenda financiera no es un enigma, se le reconoce talento y manejo en esa área. Aunque tiene un pequeño problema: está involucrado hasta el tuétano en aquello que los electores de Boric y los chilenos de hoy condenan, la defensa del lucro y de los intereses corporativos.
Por Edison Ortiz
Nuestros ahorros para pensiones inyectan al sistema financiero aproximadamente nueve mil millones de dólares al año, según cifras pre pandemia. Es una contribución central al sistema de acumulación y centralización del capital, base del desigual modelo capitalista chileno que tiene a una decena de empresarios chilenos entre los más ricos del mundo. Toda una peculiaridad para un país pequeño y marginal
El cuestionable origen de las Afps
A inicios de la instalación del sistema, allá por 1981, los economistas opositores que se agrupaban en torno a dos centros de estudios –Vector y Cieplan– produjeron sendos documentos en los que argumentaban contra la instalación del nuevo modelo. En Vector, ONG de pensamiento vinculado a la izquierda, había mayor consenso sobre el tema. Pero incluso en Cieplan, vinculado al PDC, economistas como José Pablo Arellano, escribían profundos papers, oponiéndose a la instalación del modelo.
Sabemos también, por las propias actas de la Junta Militar, que Pinochet tuvo sus dudas sobre el cambio a un modelo basado exclusivamente en la capitalización individual, al punto que dejó a las Fuerzas Armadas fuera de la cobertura de las Afps.
Si el modelo fue cuestionable transversalmente en su origen, ¿qué hizo que, pese a todo, se fuera consolidando en el tiempo?
Y no acabamos de hablar… de la transición inacabada
El programa de la Concertación en 1989, páginas 20 y 26, tocaba dos aspectos centrales de los problemas que ya generaban las administradoras: participación de los trabajadores o cotizantes en las decisiones y un diagnóstico claro sobre las insuficiencias del sistema. “La experiencia internacional, decía la propuesta de la alianza que reinauguró la democracia, y en el caso chileno demuestran que un alto porcentaje de los trabajadores no está en condiciones de ahorrar lo suficiente para asegurar una pensión digna. En consecuencia, el Estado debe asumir completar el pago de aquellas pensiones de los sectores más pobres que se sitúen bajo el mínimo socialmente establecido”.
Sea porque no había mayoría suficiente con senadores designados y sistema binominal, sea porque se asumió el modelo como una realidad y el rol de las afp’s por su peso incuestionable en las finanzas, lejos de producirse cambios, el modelo se fue solidificando. Es más, hubo transformaciones pero en un sentido regresivo: la creación de los multifondos amplió la ruleta rusa del sistema. Posteriormente, la Pensión Básica Solidaria (PBS) permitió salvar el sistema en 2008 y la indicación de 2011 sobre cambio de régimen de inversiones, permitió la triangulación que haría Habitat y, luego, Piñera.
Pero la más grave no contó con cobertura normativa ni iniciativa legal, fue la “cooptación” de los actores políticos.
Las AFP’s capturan a los actores públicos
Fue un hecho cultural el que determinó el cambio político más relevante respecto del modelo de AFP’S: la cooptación de los actores políticos claves que, se supone, debían implementar las transformaciones muy bien diagnosticadas en 1989. Esta realidad está muy bien representada por figuras como Ximena Rincón, José Antonio Viera Gallo y Osvaldo Puccio, personajes claves de la Concertación quienes se presentaron y postularon a los directorios de las AFP’S y ocuparon cargos en esas instituciones. Esa fue la capitulación definitiva de la coalición de centroizquierda que hizo la transición.
Como sabemos, el problema de los fondos de pensiones se agudizó con la crisis subprime de 2008 y desde allí hubo una crítica central al sistema, que fue creciendo en la medida en que se masificaban las primeras jubilaciones masivas de chilenos. Las pensiones de esa primera generación, de un cuarto o un quinto de lo que recibían como salario en su vida laboral activa, inspiraron a un conocido sociólogo quien, en 2011, afirmó que el sistema de pensiones chilenos no estaba hecho para pagar pensiones dignas sino para hacer funcionar el mercado financiero.
El tema se ha agudizado desde entonces, pero sin que se hayan producido cambios significativos, y ha sido materia recurrente, aún más desde el estallido social, la elección de la Convención Constitucional, los retiros y las últimas elecciones presidenciales, de la que resultó un gobierno electo que ofreció transformaciones profundas.
Christian Larraín: ¿continuidad o cambio para las AFP’S?
Fue curioso que, durante el fin de semana pasado, Emol y La Tercera no hicieran ninguna alusión a la controvertida designación de Christian Larraín, padre del CAE y absoluto defensor del mercado financiero y bancario, como subsecretario de Previsión Social, un cargo en el que será responsable de la prometida y anhelada reforma al sistema de pensiones. Por el contrario, la prensa del establishment pareciera que se mostró conforme con la designación de quien impulsó la bancarización de la deuda estudiantil universitaria.
En diciembre de 2013, El Mostrador me publicó una extensa columna sobre el polémico personaje, quien se disponía a ocupar cargos de primer nivel con Bachelet aunque a la postre no lo hizo en un cargo relevante; allí describía con lujo de detalles la lógica del personaje y su adhesión casi religiosa a nuestro cuestionado sistema financiero y bancario. Y es que para Christian Larraín la agenda financiera no es un enigma: se le reconoce talento y manejo en esa área. Aunque tiene un pequeño problema: está involucrado hasta el tuétano en aquello que los electores de Boric y los chilenos de hoy condenan, la defensa del lucro y de los intereses corporativos que mejor que nadie representan los bancos, y por ende los dueños de AFP’s.
Dada la experiencia e historia del personaje, su designación, que no pocos creen que es otro triunfo de Marcel sobre el presidente electo, parece estar en el sentido contrario de la aspiración ciudadana.
Pago por ver.
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