El parlamento de los profesores, lecciones para la Constituyente

Todo proceso político tiene sus momentos claves, y si se pierden, no vuelven a aparecer. Es de esperar que los constituyentes chilenos, agentes de un proceso de cambio que solo se dio después de cuarenta años de una Constitución impuesta a fuerza de fusil, y que tal vez faltarían otros cuarenta años en darse otra oportunidad similar, no pierdan su norte.

Por David Allen Harvey

La historia nos ofrece varios ejemplos de procesos constituyentes, en los cuales los estadistas, los intelectuales, los ideólogos, y hasta los ciudadanos comunes se han congregado para debatir, deliberar y formular los fundamentos de un nuevo orden político. El prototipo de las “asambleas constituyentes,” como luego fueron denominados tales organismos políticos, emergió de la Revolución Francesa de 1789.  La monarquía de Luis XVI, enfrentada a la bancarrota después de una serie de guerras desastrosas y un sistema fiscal arcaico e injusto, convocó a representantes de todo el reino, quienes se reunieron en el palacio de Versailles, oficialmente para aprobar las nuevas propuestas financieras de los ministros reales. Sin embargo, las cosas rápidamente sobrepasaron estos planes, y los diputados del pueblo común, el denominado “tercer estado,” se auto-declararon la asamblea nacional y juraron mantenerse reunidos hasta entregar a Francia una nueva constitución política. El rey, enfrentado a un pueblo sublevado, no tuvo más remedio que acceder. La asamblea constituyente debatió, deliberó, discutió distintas propuestas durante más de dos años, y finalmente, a fines del año 1791, produjo su nueva carta magna, estableciendo una monarquía constitucional al estilo británico. Sin embargo, los eventos de la revuelta política y social francesa ya habían sobrepasado a la Asamblea, y su nueva Constitución, fruto de tanto trabajo y debate, duró menos de un año. En apenas dieciocho meses, el rey Luis XVI fue decapitado y Francia cayó en una guerra civil sangrienta bajo la dictadura revolucionaria de los Jacobinos.

Los delegados de la Asamblea Constituyente juran dar una nueva Constitución a Francia, 20 de junio de 1789.

Avancemos medio siglo y crucemos el río Rin para examinar otra asamblea constituyente que ha marcado la historia.  En marzo de 1848, después del derrocamiento de otro rey francés, Luis Felipe de Orleans, la corriente revolucionaria se esparció sobre todo el continente europeo. En Alemania, tierra de una gran riqueza cultural y comercial pero dividida desde siglos en docenas de reinos, principados, y territorios autónomos, la juventud idealista creía que por fin había llegado el momento de crear una patria nueva, unida y democrática. Desde todos los sectores de lengua germana, del Mar del Norte hasta los Alpes, llegaron delegados a Frankfurt, ciudad histórica y emporio comercial situada en el río Main, y se reunieron en la iglesia San Pablo (Paulskirche) para formular una nueva Constitución política. Los delegados representaban la flor y nata del mundo cultural alemán de la época, incluyendo artistas, periodistas, abogados, científicos, y sobre todo académicos (las universidades alemanas eran, por consenso casi universal, las mejores del mundo en el siglo XIX). Por lo tanto, la Asamblea Constituyente de Frankfurt pasó a la historia como “el parlamento de profesores.”

El Paulskirche, Asamblea constituyente alemana, 1848

Por más de un año, los delegados al Paulskirche hicieron discursos, propusieron modelos constitucionales, y debatieron los temas más contundentes de su época.  Por supuesto, los problemas que tenían delante de ellos no eran menores: tenían que definir las fronteras de un país que aun no existía, establecer los derechos políticos en una sociedad sin tradiciones democráticas, y encontrar el equilibrio entre las exigencias de un pueblo sublevado y el poder establecido de una treintena de reyes, príncipes, y duques, la mayoría de los cuales seguían sobre sus tronos, y más importante aún, mantenían control sobre sus ejércitos.  El parlamento de profesores se dedicó a estas tareas de buena fe y pusieron empeño, pero el choque de intereses y de egos, las expectativas casi milenarias y muchas veces impracticables de sus miembros y de sus seguidores, les impidieron llegar a un acuerdo.  El pueblo alemán comenzó a perder la paciencia, sobre todo porque, fuera de las murallas austeras del Paulskirche, los grandes eventos de 1848 estaban tomando otro rumbo.  En Paris, el pueblo sublevado fue acribillado por el ejército a fines de junio, y poco después, un demagogo populista, Luis Napoleón Bonaparte, sobrino del exemperador, fue elegido presidente de la república (república que él mismo enterraría tres años después en uno de los primeros “autogolpes” de la historia).  Pocos meses después, el sueño de la unidad alemana sufrió un duro golpe cuando la intervención diplomática de Rusia y de Gran Bretaña frustró el intento de la provincia de Schleswig-Holstein de liberarse del rey de Dinamarca para unirse a la patria nueva.  Y lo más grave de todo, en Viena, una de las ciudades más importantes del mundo alemán, la revolución fue derrotada en un baño de sangre por manos del ejército que seguía fiel al emperador Habsburgo Francisco José.  Entre los miles de muertos figuraba el diputado Robert Blum, fusilado pese a su inmunidad diplomática como miembro de la Asamblea Constituyente.

El parlamento de profesores, manteniéndose al margen de todo este caos, seguía debatiendo en Frankfurt, como si nada estuviera pasando y como si tuviera todo el tiempo del mundo.  Los amigos de la democracia en Alemania perdieron la esperanza que habían sentido hacia tan augusto cuerpo legislativo. El joven poeta revolucionario Georg Herwegh escribió unos versos que pasarían a la historia como el epitafio de la revolución de 1848 en su país, “Das Reden nimmt kein Ende” (Los discursos no tienen fin), lo que caricaturizaba al parlamento de profesores como el “parla- parla- parlamento, donde los discursos no tienen fin.”  Cuando, después de más de un año, la Asamblea Constituyente por fin resolvió ofrecer la corona de una monarquía constitucional al rey Federico Guillermo IV de Prusia, supuestamente más liberal que Francisco José de Austria, el primero la rechazó como “una corona del alcantarillado” y “un collar de perro.”  Casi nadie lamentó el fin de la Asamblea, cuando las tropas del rey prusiano la despidieron sin ceremonias el mes siguiente.

Una Constitución política, vale recordarse, no es en sí mismo el fin que resuelve todos los problemas de una sociedad, sino un punto de partida, una herramienta para construir un país mejor.

La historia nos ofrece lecciones, pero no siempre son fáciles de entender, dado que los eventos, aunque claramente paralelos, nunca se repiten de la misma manera. Pero el ejemplo del desafortunado “parlamento de profesores” (el cual, como antes señalamos, incorporaba a muchos de los mejores pensadores de su época) nos demuestra que todo proceso político tiene sus momentos claves, y si se pierden, no vuelven a aparecer. Las ventanas al cambio solo se abren por un momento, y cuando se cierran, pueden pasar muchos años antes que vuelven a abrirse. También es importante recordar que, dentro de una inmensidad de temas de debate, es fácil perder el hilo conector que permite llevar a cabo el proceso de cambio constitucional. Una Constitución política, vale recordarse, no es en sí mismo el fin que resuelve todos los problemas de una sociedad, sino un punto de partida, una herramienta para construir un país mejor. Por lo tanto, es de esperar que los constituyentes chilenos, agentes de un proceso de cambio que solo se dio después de cuarenta años de una Constitución impuesta a fuerza de fusil, y que tal vez faltarían otros cuarenta años en darse otra oportunidad similar, no pierdan su norte. Que tengan la sabiduría y la madurez de llegar a acuerdos, de distinguir lo esencial de lo tangencial, y de aspirar no a la perfección (la cual no existe), sino a un nuevo sistema abierto y democrático, el cual permitiría que las nuevas generaciones y las aún por venir podrán continuar el proceso siempre abierto de construir una patria nueva para todas y todos.

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