El sistema de pensiones en la propuesta constitucional

La nueva propuesta constitucional ha establecido cambios sustanciales al sistema actual de pensiones, ya que estableció un modelo público (no estatal), lo cual permite la participación de administradores privados, pero no de manera exclusiva; los ahorros estarán conformados por tres fondos (cotizaciones obligatorias del trabajador, empleador y rentas del Estado) y el enfoque del sistema es social, ampliándose la cobertura, ya que no se centra solo en satisfacer pensiones para la vejez.

Yasna Araya

El artículo 45 de la propuesta constitucional establece que: “Toda persona tiene derecho a la seguridad social, fundada en los principios de universalidad, solidaridad, integralidad, unidad, igualdad, suficiencia, participación, sostenibilidad y oportunidad.”

Con ello se establece un acceso universal al sistema de pensiones; sin embargo, todos se preguntan cómo será la administración de ese sistema y la conformación de los recursos. Hoy en día la administración está dada a prestadores privados y su integración es básicamente por recursos propios de los trabajadores, a través de una cotización obligatoria.

El inciso segundo nos indica que será la ley la que se encargará de establecer un sistema de seguridad social público. Esta distinción de público es relevante, porque nos indica que la administración de los fondos no será dada exclusivamente a administradores privados como es hoy en día, pero tampoco indica que será un sistema administrado exclusivamente por el Estado. Por tanto, NO ES UN SISTEMA ESTATAL. De tal modo, será la ley la que terminará por definir la conformación del sistema de pensiones, pudiendo participar de este los prestadores privados como el Estado. Así, no resulta veraz afirmar que la nueva propuesta constitucional elimina las AFP, sacándolas como administradores del sistema de pensiones.

En cuanto a la integración de los fondos, la propuesta indica de manera explícita que: “Esta se financiará por trabajadoras, trabajadores, empleadoras y empleadores, a través de cotizaciones obligatorias y rentas generales de la nación”. Es decir, en la propuesta constitucional se sigue implementando un ahorro obligatorio previsional, pero estará conformada por tres aportes:  de trabajadores, del empleador, a través de cotizaciones obligatorias para ambos, y una renta de la nación, lo cual es una diferencia sustancial de como está hoy la regulación de nuestras pensiones. Actualmente, solo existe el ahorro obligatorio del trabajador, y en casos particulares podemos encontrar un aporte del Estado, cuando hay un ahorro voluntario adicional, pero los aportes obligatorios de los empleadores en el sistema de pensiones no existe.

¿Qué cubre el nuevo sistema de pensiones propuesto?

Lo que ha establecido la propuesta constitucional es que: “Los recursos con que se financie la seguridad social no podrán ser destinados a fines distintos que el pago de los beneficios que establezca el sistema”; por tanto, sigue establecido que aquellos se otorgan solo para el pago de pensiones, pero la cobertura que establece la nueva propuesta constitucional es más amplia que solo el pago de recursos para la vejez, ya que su enfoque es un sistema social que abarca varias necesidades de las personas. La norma indica que se establecerá un sistema de pensiones públicos, que otorgue protección en caso de: “enfermedad, vejez, discapacidad, supervivencia, maternidad y paternidad, desempleo, accidentes del trabajo y enfermedades profesionales, y en las demás contingencias sociales de falta o disminución de medios de subsistencia o de capacidad para el trabajo. En particular, asegurará la cobertura de prestaciones a quienes ejerzan trabajos domésticos y de cuidados.” Así, la nueva propuesta constitucional ha centrado el enfoque del sistema de pensiones en un ámbito social y no solo de fondos para en la jubilación.

¿Serán heredables los fondos con la nueva propuesta constitucional?

En la nueva propuesta constitucional no se estableció que los fondos que se ahorren son propios o se ejerce dominio sobre ellos, lo que sigue siendo polémico, ya que ha sido una de las tantas batalla de los trabajadores. No está de más recordar toda las demandas que se han suscitado contra las AFP, solicitando el retiro de los fondos por causas de enfermedad grave, desahucio, catástrofe o urgencia inminente, y todas esas batallas se han dado bajo la construcción que los fondos de pensiones son propios, por lo que, al existir propiedad sobre ellos, estos se puede retirar y heredar. En la actualidad, los fondos son heredables, bajo ciertas condiciones y requisitos, pero esta es una materia que es tratada a nivel legal y no constitucional, por lo que será una ley la que deberá establecer la manera en que dichos fondos se heredarán, más considerando que la conformación de las pensiones no serán solo aportes obligatorios de los trabajadores, sino que también del empleador y del Estado. Lo cierto, es que, a rango constitucional, no se prohíbe que aquellos se hereden, por lo que esta materia puede discutirse legislativamente, ya que en ninguna parte de la propuesta constitucional se estableció que los fondos serán del Estado.

¿Mis ahorros actuales serán expropiados?

La propuesta constitucional no se pronuncia sobre la expropiación de los recursos, no indica que los recursos serán expropiados, y tampoco indica que no lo serán, razón por la cual se está pidiendo un proyecto legislativo que establezca expresamente que las pensiones son inexpropiables. Sin embargo, es importante recordar que toda expropiación, según la misma propuesta constitucional en su artículo 78, establece que ha de ser pagada a precio justo y, tratándose de dinero, el precio justo es el equivalente a su valor nominal, es decir, si me expropian mil pesos, me deben devolver mil pesos. Por ello, pensar que los fondos de pensiones actuales serán expropiados con la nueva Constitución, no tiene razón lógica, ya que, de producirse, se debe entregar la misma cantidad que se extrae.

En síntesis, la nueva propuesta constitucional ha establecido cambios sustanciales al sistema actual de pensiones, ya que estableció un modelo público (no estatal), lo cual permite la participación de administradores privados, pero no de manera exclusiva; los ahorros estarán conformados por tres fondos (cotizaciones obligatorias del trabajador, empleador y rentas del Estado) y el enfoque del sistema es social, ampliándose la cobertura, ya que no se centra solo en satisfacer pensiones para la vejez.

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