¿Estado centralizado, regional o federal?

Hay una serie de preguntas que exigen respuestas antes de adoptar una Constitución federal o regional. ¿Cuáles poderes se otorgarán a las regiones, y cuáles se mantendrán bajo el gobierno central? ¿Tendrá la Región de O’Higgins algún tipo de control sobre una fuente de ingresos tan importante como El Teniente? ¿Tendrán las regiones autonomía para intentar sus propias reformas en materia de educación, de salud, de seguridad pública? ¿Como se recaudarán los impuestos? Y ¿tendrán las regiones de mayor riqueza la obligación de subsidiar a las regiones más pobres?

David Allen Harvey

Entre los temas que la Convención Constitucional tiene que definir está la pregunta de si el estado chileno debe mantenerse centralizado, como lo ha sido a lo largo de su historia, o si un estado federal, con devolución de algunos poderes y atributos a las regiones, le convendría más.  Algunas personas plantean la alternativa de un llamado “estado regional,” que sería un punto intermedio entre centralismo y federalismo. La distinción entre regionalismo y federalismo es un poco ambigua, y tal vez es cuestión del grado de autonomía que tendrían las regiones. Hay muchas opciones posibles, y conviene que los constituyentes, y los chilenos en general, evalúen las ventajas y desventajas que tienen todos los posibles modelos para decidir cuál de todos le conviene más al país.

Que un país sea unitario o federal depende en muchos casos de su historia. Los estados federales suelen ser países establecidos como tales en la época contemporánea. Varios países del continente americano son federales: por ejemplo, Estados Unidos, Canadá, México, Brasil, y Argentina. Las trece colonias inglesas que se reunieron para formar los Estados Unidos ya tenían cada una sus propias instituciones políticas en el momento de la independencia. En Canadá, la federación formaba parte de la política imperial británica de equilibrar los intereses de Quebec, territorio francés conquistado en la Guerra de Siete Años (1756-1763), con los de las provincias de mayoría inglesa o escocesa. En Europa, los gobiernos federales surgieron en países que se constituyeron relativamente tarde, por ejemplo, Alemania, Italia, y Suiza. La unificación de Alemania y la de Italia ocurrieron en pleno siglo XIX, con la unión de reinos, principados, y ciudades libres que habían existido desde siglos, y sirvió como un compromiso que preservaba sus tradiciones e instituciones particulares a pesar del dominio de los reyes de Prusia y Piamonte sobre los nuevos estados nacionales. Luego en su historia, el sistema federal sirvió en Alemania para reconstruir la democracia, después del nazismo y para incorporar los territorios del Este después de la caída del comunismo. El caso de la Federación Suiza es bien particular: sus primeros orígenes datan de la Edad Media, con la unión defensiva de tres pequeñas repúblicas alpinas en el año 1291, pero su forma moderna se consolidó en 1848, y aún conserva una estructura muy descentralizada y algunos elementos de democracia directa.

Los gobiernos de países federales pueden ser presidencialistas, como los EE.UU., o parlamentarios, como Canadá y Alemania. Lo que todos tienen en común es que los poderes y funciones se dividen entre el gobierno central y los gobiernos de las regiones, provincias o estados. Por ejemplo, en los Estados Unidos, las fuerzas armadas, las relaciones exteriores, las aduanas, y el control de fronteras son poderes del gobierno central, mientras que la educación, la policía, y la justicia civil y criminal son principalmente poderes de los estados, aunque también hay poderes reservados al gobierno central en estos ámbitos. Hay sistemas separados de financiamiento de los gobiernos centrales y estatales: el gobierno central se financia con los impuestos individuales sobre los ingresos y los impuestos a las empresas, mientras que los estados se financian con los impuestos sobre las propiedades y sobre las ventas (cada estado tiene su propio IVA, que varía entre el cero y el ocho por ciento). Como resultado de este sistema, hay una gran variedad entre los estados en cuanto al nivel de impuestos que pagan y el nivel de servicios públicos que otorgan.

El sistema federal tiene ventajas y desventajas. En teoría, una estructura descentralizada acerca el gobierno a la gente, permitiendo que las decisiones se tomen de forma local y con más participación ciudadana. En realidad, hay mucha variación: cuatro de los cincuenta estados norteamericanos (California, Texas, Florida, y Nueva York) tienen cada uno más habitantes que Chile y, por lo tanto, sus gobiernos no son necesariamente ni más cercanos a la gente, ni más eficientes que el gobierno central. Algunos analistas dicen que los estados son “los laboratorios de la democracia,” y que permiten la experimentación con distintas alternativas políticas al nivel regional antes de su implementación al nivel nacional. Los gobiernos estatales reflejan las divisiones políticas del país (de los estados ya mencionados, California y Nueva York tienen mayorías del partido demócrata, mientras que Texas y Florida tienen mayorías del partido republicano), y permiten a los ciudadanos evaluar los resultados de distintas políticas públicas en tiempo real. Muchos presidentes de los EE.UU. (como Reagan, Bush, y Clinton) antes fueron gobernadores de estados, un oficio que permite la adquisición de experiencia ejecutiva para futuros mandatarios. Por otro lado, el sistema federal genera conflictos constantes entre el gobierno central y los gobiernos estatales cuando son de lados políticos opuestos. Por ejemplo, varios estados gobernados por republicanos se opusieron a la reforma de salud de Obama, limitando su efectividad dentro de sus territorios. En casos extremos, estos conflictos pueden llevar a la guerra: la Guerra Civil norteamericana fue el resultado del intento del gobierno central de limitar (y finalmente de abolir) la esclavitud, base económica y social de varios estados sureños en el siglo XIX.

En muchos países, el sistema federal sirve para reconocer y proteger diferencias culturales.  En Canadá, por ejemplo, el gobierno provincial de Quebec ha mantenido la lengua y cultura francesa a pesar de formar parte de un país mayoritariamente anglófono. Lo mismo ocurre en Suiza, donde la mayoría de las provincias hablan alemán, pero hay algunas de habla francesa e italiana que han podido mantener sus lenguas y culturas particulares. En Alemania, las provincias fuertemente católicas, como Baviera, también han podido mantener sus tradiciones dentro de un país mayoritariamente protestante. El caso de España es un poco más complicado, dado que muchos separatistas vascos y catalanes quieren independizarse del resto del país, opción contra la Constitución actual de España y rechazado por todos los partidos políticos nacionales. Volvemos a la situación chilena. ¿Qué significaría un sistema federal (o, si prefieren, un sistema regional) para la actualidad chilena? La geografía particular del país, en que varias regiones se encuentran a grandes distancias de la capital, parece favorecer la descentralización, que podría acercar las funciones del gobierno a la gente. La elección democrática de los gobernadores regionales y el aumento de los fondos a su disposición ya fueron pasos importantes en la descentralización del país. Pero hay una serie de preguntas que exigen respuestas antes de adoptar una Constitución federal o regional. ¿Cuáles poderes se otorgarán a las regiones, y cuáles se mantendrán bajo el gobierno central? ¿Qué pasará con recursos nacionales importantes como el cobre de El Teniente? ¿Tendrá la Región de O’Higgins algún tipo de control sobre una fuente de ingresos tan importante dentro de su territorio? ¿Tendrán las regiones autonomía para intentar sus propias reformas en materia de educación, de salud, de seguridad pública? ¿Como se recaudarán los impuestos? Y ¿tendrán las regiones de mayor riqueza la obligación de subsidiar a las regiones más pobres?

Otras preguntas surgen de la decisión de la Convención Constitucional de denominar a Chile como un país plurinacional. Los pueblos originarios, y sobre todo los mapuche, han reclamado más autonomía, y no sería un paso demasiado grande reconocer al Wallmapu como una región autónoma, con su propio idioma, leyes, sistema educacional y judicial, un poco como lo que es Quebec en Canadá. Pero, aquí también hay preguntas importantes a resolver para evitar inconvenientes no previstos. La región actual de la Araucanía tiene un porcentaje alto de población indígena, pero no todos sus habitantes son mapuche, y no todos los mapuche viven en la Araucanía. ¿Habría que ajustar las fronteras de las regiones? ¿Los otros chilenos que viven en un Wallmapu autónomo serían gobernados ellos también por leyes mapuches en temas sensibles como los derechos de propiedad y el uso del mapudungún? ¿Como resolver los conflictos inevitables si las leyes de provincias autónomas están en desacuerdo con las leyes del gobierno central? Será una de las tareas importantes de la Convención Constitucional decidir si quieren convertir Chile en un país federal o regional, y si lo hacen, definir claramente la repartición de poderes entre el gobierno central y los gobiernos regionales. Es una alternativa viable para Chile, pero hay que leer la letra chica y tener las cosas bien claras antes de tomar decisiones que impactarán a todos los chilenos en los años que vienen.

Share on facebook
Share on twitter
Share on whatsapp

182 comentarios en “¿Estado centralizado, regional o federal?”

  1. In accordance with my study, after a property foreclosure home is sold at a bidding, it is common for that borrower in order to still have some sort ofthat remaining balance on the mortgage loan. There are many financial institutions who attempt to have all rates and liens paid by the up coming buyer. However, depending on a number of programs, laws, and state laws and regulations there may be many loans which aren’t easily fixed through the exchange of loans. Therefore, the responsibility still falls on the client that has obtained his or her property foreclosed on. Thank you sharing your opinions on this blog.

  2. It is the best time to make a few plans for the long run and it is time to be happy. I have read this put up and if I may I want to counsel you some fascinating things or suggestions. Maybe you could write subsequent articles regarding this article. I desire to learn more things approximately it!

  3. One more issue is really that video gaming became one of the all-time most significant forms of entertainment for people of all ages. Kids have fun with video games, plus adults do, too. The actual XBox 360 is probably the favorite video games systems for individuals that love to have hundreds of video games available to them, in addition to who like to relax and play live with other individuals all over the world. Many thanks for sharing your thinking.

  4. The crux of your writing while sounding agreeable initially, did not settle properly with me after some time. Somewhere within the sentences you managed to make me a believer but just for a while. I nevertheless have got a problem with your leaps in logic and you would do well to help fill in all those gaps. If you actually can accomplish that, I will definitely be fascinated.

  5. Interesting blog post. Things i would like to bring about is that personal computer memory needs to be purchased if the computer still can’t cope with anything you do by using it. One can install two RAM memory boards having 1GB each, in particular, but not certainly one of 1GB and one with 2GB. One should make sure the maker’s documentation for the PC to make certain what type of storage is essential.

  6. I am not certain where you are getting your info, however great topic. I needs to spend some time finding out much more or working out more. Thanks for excellent information I was on the lookout for this info for my mission.

  7. I believe that avoiding prepared foods could be the first step in order to lose weight. They may taste excellent, but processed foods have got very little nutritional value, making you consume more in order to have enough vitality to get over the day. If you’re constantly having these foods, converting to whole grain products and other complex carbohydrates will make you to have more vitality while ingesting less. Interesting blog post.

  8. Thanks for the something totally new you have unveiled in your text. One thing I would really like to discuss is that FSBO interactions are built with time. By releasing yourself to owners the first saturday their FSBO can be announced, before the masses commence calling on Thursday, you generate a good connection. By sending them methods, educational components, free reports, and forms, you become a good ally. Through a personal curiosity about them along with their situation, you build a solid link that, on many occasions, pays off if the owners decide to go with a real estate agent they know and also trust – preferably you.

  9. You really make it appear really easy together with your presentation however I to find this matter to be actually one thing that I believe I might by no means understand. It seems too complex and very extensive for me. I’m having a look ahead on your next post, I?ll try to get the grasp of it!

  10. Through my investigation, shopping for electronics online may be easily expensive, but there are some tricks and tips that you can use to help you get the best discounts. There are continually ways to find discount deals that could make one to possess the best electronic devices products at the smallest prices. Great blog post.

  11. I have observed that of all sorts of insurance, health care insurance is the most debatable because of the issue between the insurance policy company’s necessity to remain afloat and the buyer’s need to have insurance. Insurance companies’ commissions on overall health plans are incredibly low, so some businesses struggle to profit. Thanks for the tips you reveal through this website.

  12. Here at Tamed Exotics, we offer sugar gliders for sale. The sugar gliders we offer for sale are of the very best quality. They have been socialized and domesticated to suit the needs of an ordinary family or individual. Sugar gliders are extremely social animals. In the wild, they live in large family groups, called colonies. The sugar gliders in pairs will be adopted as it is. Keep in mind that Sugar glider colors and markings may change as they grow. Breeding rights can be issued for additional fees.

  13. I have noticed that in digital cameras, specialized sensors help to {focus|concentrate|maintain focus|target|a**** automatically. These sensors associated with some cameras change in contrast, while others employ a beam with infra-red (IR) light, particularly in low lighting. Higher spec cameras at times use a mixture of both devices and may have Face Priority AF where the dslr camera can ‘See’ some sort of face as you concentrate only on that. Thanks for sharing your opinions on this website.

  14. We’re a gaggle of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community. Your site provided us with helpful info to paintings on. You’ve done an impressive activity and our whole community will be grateful to you.

  15. I believe that avoiding refined foods would be the first step to help lose weight. They might taste fine, but packaged foods contain very little vitamins and minerals, making you try to eat more in order to have enough power to get with the day. For anyone who is constantly taking in these foods, moving over to cereals and other complex carbohydrates will let you have more power while feeding on less. Good blog post.

  16. Can I simply say what a aid to find someone who truly knows what theyre speaking about on the internet. You undoubtedly know the way to bring a problem to light and make it important. Extra individuals have to learn this and perceive this aspect of the story. I cant believe youre no more well-liked because you positively have the gift.

  17. One important issue is that if you are searching for a education loan you may find that you’ll need a co-signer. There are many situations where this is true because you might find that you do not employ a past credit ranking so the financial institution will require that you’ve someone cosign the money for you. Interesting post.

  18. In these days of austerity plus relative anxiousness about getting debt, lots of people balk contrary to the idea of employing a credit card in order to make acquisition of merchandise or maybe pay for a vacation, preferring, instead to rely on the actual tried along with trusted way of making payment – cash. However, if you possess cash available to make the purchase fully, then, paradoxically, that’s the best time just to be able to use the credit cards for several factors.

  19. Hi there, just was alert to your blog via Google, and located that it’s truly informative. I?m gonna be careful for brussels. I?ll appreciate in case you proceed this in future. Lots of folks will probably be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

  20. We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your web site offered us with valuable information to work on. You’ve done a formidable job and our whole community will be thankful to you.

  21. Thanks for another informative web site. Where else could I get that kind of information written in such a perfect way? I’ve a project that I’m just now working on, and I have been on the look out for such information.

  22. There are definitely quite a lot of details like that to take into consideration. That could be a great point to carry up. I provide the thoughts above as general inspiration but clearly there are questions like the one you bring up where crucial thing will be working in honest good faith. I don?t know if greatest practices have emerged around things like that, however I’m positive that your job is clearly identified as a fair game. Each girls and boys feel the influence of only a moment?s pleasure, for the remainder of their lives.

  23. Attractive portion of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession capital to claim that I acquire actually enjoyed account your blog posts. Any way I?ll be subscribing for your augment and even I success you access constantly quickly.

  24. Nice post. I learn one thing tougher on different blogs everyday. It will at all times be stimulating to learn content material from different writers and follow a little bit something from their store. I?d prefer to use some with the content on my blog whether you don?t mind. Natually I?ll provide you with a hyperlink in your internet blog. Thanks for sharing.

  25. Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read something like this before. So nice to find any individual with some authentic ideas on this subject. realy thanks for starting this up. this website is one thing that’s wanted on the net, somebody with just a little originality. useful job for bringing something new to the web!

  26. Thanks for the unique tips contributed on this blog. I have observed that many insurers offer customers generous special discounts if they choose to insure multiple cars together. A significant quantity of households possess several cars or trucks these days, particularly people with more aged teenage children still located at home, and also the savings upon policies can certainly soon increase. So it is good to look for a good deal.

  27. Thanks for sharing excellent informations. Your web site is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you have on this website. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for more articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched everywhere and just couldn’t come across. What an ideal web site.

  28. Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read anything like this before. So nice to search out someone with some original ideas on this subject. realy thanks for beginning this up. this website is one thing that’s wanted on the web, somebody with a little originality. helpful job for bringing something new to the web!

  29. Just desire to say your article is as amazing. The clarity in your post is just spectacular and i could assume you’re an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission allow me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please carry on the enjoyable work.

  30. One more issue is really that video gaming became one of the all-time greatest forms of recreation for people of various age groups. Kids engage in video games, and adults do, too. Your XBox 360 has become the favorite video games systems for individuals that love to have a lot of activities available to them, and who like to learn live with others all over the world. Many thanks for sharing your opinions.

  31. Wonderful items from you, man. I’ve consider your stuff prior to and you’re simply too wonderful. I actually like what you’ve received right here, certainly like what you are stating and the way by which you say it. You’re making it entertaining and you continue to care for to keep it sensible. I can’t wait to learn far more from you. That is really a terrific site.

  32. Good site! I truly love how it is easy on my eyes and the data are well written. I’m wondering how I could be notified when a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which must do the trick! Have a great day!

  33. I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was wondering what all is needed to get setup? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny? I’m not very web savvy so I’m not 100 certain. Any tips or advice would be greatly appreciated. Cheers

  34. I do agree with all of the ideas you have presented in your post. They are very convincing and will certainly work. Still, the posts are very short for beginners. Could you please extend them a little from next time? Thanks for the post.

  35. Hello there, simply changed into alert to your weblog via Google, and located that it is truly informative. I am going to watch out for brussels. I?ll be grateful if you proceed this in future. Many other folks can be benefited out of your writing. Cheers!

  36. Hmm it appears like your site ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I wrote and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to everything. Do you have any tips for first-time blog writers? I’d genuinely appreciate it.

  37. I have observed that over the course of developing a relationship with real estate entrepreneurs, you’ll be able to come to understand that, in every single real estate exchange, a commission rate is paid. In the long run, FSBO sellers don’t «save» the commission rate. Rather, they fight to earn the commission by simply doing a strong agent’s job. In doing so, they shell out their money in addition to time to conduct, as best they are able to, the duties of an agent. Those obligations include getting known the home by means of marketing, presenting the home to prospective buyers, creating a sense of buyer emergency in order to make prompt an offer, scheduling home inspections, handling qualification investigations with the loan company, supervising repairs, and aiding the closing.

  38. obviously like your web site but you need to check the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the truth nevertheless I?ll definitely come back again.

  39. I?ve been exploring for a bit for any high quality articles or blog posts on this kind of area . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this site. Reading this information So i?m happy to convey that I have an incredibly good uncanny feeling I discovered exactly what I needed. I most certainly will make certain to don?t forget this website and give it a glance regularly.

  40. I was just searching for this info for a while. After 6 hours of continuous Googleing, finally I got it in your web site. I wonder what is the lack of Google strategy that do not rank this kind of informative websites in top of the list. Normally the top websites are full of garbage.

  41. Magnificent goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you are just extremely magnificent. I actually like what you have acquired here, really like what you’re saying and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it smart. I cant wait to read far more from you. This is actually a terrific website.

  42. I was just seeking this info for a while. After 6 hours of continuous Googleing, finally I got it in your web site. I wonder what is the lack of Google strategy that do not rank this type of informative sites in top of the list. Normally the top websites are full of garbage.

  43. Yet another thing is that when you are evaluating a good on the web electronics shop, look for web stores that are continually updated, always keeping up-to-date with the most up-to-date products, the best deals, as well as helpful information on products and services. This will ensure you are handling a shop that stays over the competition and offers you what you need to make knowledgeable, well-informed electronics purchases. Thanks for the essential tips I’ve learned through your blog.

  44. Something more important is that while searching for a good on the web electronics shop, look for online stores that are constantly updated, maintaining up-to-date with the latest products, the top deals, in addition to helpful information on services. This will ensure you are getting through a shop that stays on top of the competition and give you what you should need to make knowledgeable, well-informed electronics buys. Thanks for the critical tips I have learned from your blog.

  45. After study a couple of of the weblog posts on your web site now, and I really like your method of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark website checklist and shall be checking back soon. Pls check out my website online as properly and let me know what you think.

  46. Interesting article. It is very unfortunate that over the last ten years, the travel industry has already been able to to tackle terrorism, SARS, tsunamis, flu virus, swine flu, and the first ever real global tough economy. Through it all the industry has really proven to be solid, resilient in addition to dynamic, getting new approaches to deal with misfortune. There are often fresh challenges and chance to which the field must once more adapt and respond.

  47. Thanks for your article. One other thing is when you are selling your property by yourself, one of the issues you need to be alert to upfront is when to deal with house inspection reviews. As a FSBO home owner, the key towards successfully shifting your property as well as saving money upon real estate agent revenue is knowledge. The more you understand, the softer your home sales effort are going to be. One area in which this is particularly essential is reports.

  48. Hello there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative. I am gonna watch out for brussels. I will appreciate if you continue this in future. A lot of people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

  49. Thanks for another informative web site. Where else could I get that kind of info written in such a perfect way? I have a project that I’m just now working on, and I’ve been on the look out for such info.

  50. I can’t express how much I admire the effort the author has put into creating this exceptional piece of content. The clarity of the writing, the depth of analysis, and the plethora of information presented are simply remarkable. His passion for the subject is obvious, and it has definitely made an impact with me. Thank you, author, for providing your wisdom and enhancing our lives with this exceptional article!

  51. Oh my goodness! an incredible article dude. Thanks Nonetheless I am experiencing problem with ur rss . Don?t know why Unable to subscribe to it. Is there anyone getting similar rss downside? Anyone who is aware of kindly respond. Thnkx

  52. Thanks for the various tips contributed on this site. I have noticed that many insurance carriers offer customers generous special discounts if they favor to insure a couple of cars with them. A significant number of households currently have several cars or trucks these days, in particular those with more mature teenage kids still residing at home, and also the savings on policies might soon begin. So it pays off to look for a bargain.

  53. Hello there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative. I?m gonna watch out for brussels. I will appreciate if you continue this in future. Numerous people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

  54. When I initially commented I clicked the «Notify me when new comments are added» checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get three e-mails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove people from that service? Thank you!

  55. Thanks for giving your ideas. The first thing is that scholars have a choice between fed student loan and also a private education loan where it is easier to choose student loan debt consolidation loan than with the federal education loan.

  56. Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is a really well written article. I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post. I’ll definitely return.มด21/9

  57. A person essentially help to make seriously articles I would state. This is the first time I frequented your website page and thus far? I amazed with the research you made to make this particular publish extraordinary. Excellent job!

  58. An impressive share! I have just forwarded this onto a colleague who was doing a little homework on this.
    And he actually ordered me dinner due to the
    fact that I stumbled upon it for him… lol. So let me reword this….
    Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending the time to discuss this issue here on your
    internet site.

Deja un comentario

Tu dirección de correo electrónico no será publicada. Los campos obligatorios están marcados con *

Otras Noticias

Hora de definiciones
24 septiembre 2023
Cuando la solución es hacerlo todo de nuevo
24 septiembre 2023
Tiempo de polen: crónicas de un alérgico a la primavera
24 septiembre 2023
Libro gratis para aprender sobre flora nativa de nuestro país
24 septiembre 2023
El Conde o la parodia como procesamiento del trauma
24 septiembre 2023
Cuatro décadas después, Roque Narvaja retorna de la mano de músico chileno
24 septiembre 2023