Una práctica novedosa, sustentable y de gran utilidad para la agricultura familiar campesina son los hoteles de insectos que contribuyen a recuperar hábitats degradados por la urbanización, los cultivos intensivos y el excesivo uso de plaguicidas en la agricultura.
Pablo Dintrans C.
¿Cómo recuperar la diversidad biológica impactada por la urbanización, los cultivos intensivos y sobre todo, el excesivo uso de plaguicidas en la agricultura? El efecto de todos esos factores es devastador: desparecen las fuentes de alimentación (flora nativa), se pierden los albergues de muchos insectos benéficos y, también, sus enemigos naturales, depredadores o parasitoides, que conviven en un equilibrio favorable para la naturaleza.
Los investigadores de INIA Rayentué, Patricio Abarca y Bárbara Vega, llevan un tiempo desarrollando los llamados hoteles de insectos, habitáculos artificiales que simulan un refugio natural para albergue e hibernación de los insectos benéficos que tenemos en campos o jardines. “Pueden ir desde una simple caja, a estructuras de diferentes tamaños y formas. En su interior contienen divisiones con variados materiales (en su mayoría naturales), que otorgan distintas condiciones según la especie. Además, los hoteles de insectos forman parte ornamental del paisaje y cumplen un rol pedagógico ilustrativo, especialmente para los niños, que aprenden la biología de los insectos y algunos sistemas de protección de la naturaleza”, indica Abarca, quien ha implementado hoteles en varias comunas de la Región de O´Higgins.
“Para nosotros, es importante que los pequeños agricultores e incluso el público en general se apropie de estos conocimientos. Construirlos es relativamente simple y alcance de la mano”, señala Patricio Abarca. En efecto, por lo general, las cajas o estructuras que dan la forma al hotel, suelen ser de madera. La parte externa debe proteger de condiciones climáticas como el viento y la lluvia, en la parte interna, se debe dividir la estructura en varios habitáculos para formar diferentes condiciones según requerimiento de la especie, creando espacios oscuros, orificios, túneles, rendijas, etc. Para ello, se pueden utilizar distintos materiales (en lo posible naturales), como conos (“piñas”) de pinos, cañas, frutos abiertos sin semillas, madera con orificios, trozos de madera, viruta, ladrillos, piedras, entre otros.
Bandas florales
Una parte fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de los hoteles es la implementación de las llamadas bandas florales, dado que estimulan a los insectos para que ocupen esos espacios. En cultivos agrícolas, se siembran bandas florales con diferentes especies de plantas de floración alternada durante el año y tienen diferentes objetivos, como atraer y alimentar a organismos benéficos que ayuden al control de plagas, ofreciendo néctar y polen; generar una barrera protectora para que los insectos perjudiciales ataquen a la banda floral y no al cultivo (cultivo trampa); que el olor o color de las flores sirva de repelencia, o simplemente para alimentación y refugio de insectos polinizadores en el campo, de manera de contribuir a la biodiversidad.
“Las flores más utilizadas son los claveles chinos, manzanillas, margaritas, capuchinas, pensamientos, milenramas, artemisas, dalias, caléndulas, aliso, tagetes, entre otras. Debemos recordar, además, que de acuerdo al cultivo que tengamos, hay que asociar las especies de bandas florales a utilizar, ya que algunas servirán de “cultivo trampa”, otras de repelencia y, también, como atrayentes de insectos benéficos para mejorar el control biológico de depredadores y parasitoides”, nos señala Bárbara Vega, profesional experta en agroecología y utilización de bandas florales.
Video con más información: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dLYIdbR8YU
Descarga de video: https://bit.ly/3QKJeE0
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