Los humedales: protegerlos por la supervivencia (y no sólo por el paisaje)
Por Carolina Miranda
Los mapuche pikunche, habitantes originarios de nuestras tierras, sabían muy bien cómo está tejida la vida y cómo cada una de las partes del territorio integran una totalidad que no funciona separadamente. En esa sabiduría ancestral, el menoko -ojo de agua, vertiente, pantano y/o humedal- es en esencia invisible, parte de un todo: en uno brota el agua limpia y pura, en tanto en el otro se estanca para limpiar, ambos llenos de fuerza vital o newen. Allí, la naturaleza se presenta con toda su magia y medicina para nutrir a la comunidad, lugar sagrado donde se recolecta el lawen, anidan animales tutelares y viajeros de otras tierras, trayendo y llevando la información de uno y otro lugar sagrado sobre la tierra. Ahí se conecta nuestro espíritu con el todo.
Los humedales proveen de agua potable, apoyan a la existencia de hábitats, depuración el agua, aportan al ciclo hídrico siendo sumideros de humedad que generan evapotranspiración y evaporación.
Los humedales son “zonas húmedas” o “donde la tierra se junta con el agua”, se trata de zonas de transición entre ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres. Se pueden agrupar en humedales marinos, estuarinos, lacustres, ribereños, palustres y artificiales.
El año 2020, entró en vigor la Ley 21.202 de Protección de Humedales Urbanos, lo que abrió una puerta a la participación de las comunidades y a un rol más activo de los municipios en la ampliación de zonas de protección.
Los casos de La Capilla y El Ancho
En nuestra región el humedal La Capilla, en la comuna de Malloa, ha vuelto a ser reconocido y valorado por la comunidad que encuentra en él lo que los antiguos vivenciaron. Gentes de hoy de Malloa, Rengo, Salsipuedes, San Vicente, Peumo se reúnen en el Movimiento por la Defensa del Humedal La Capilla cuyo propósito es conservar este lugar como refugio de biodiversidad y legado arqueológico. Esto último pues, además del humedal, existen evidencias de ocupaciones humanas del período arcaico-agro alfarero, como piedras tacitas y materiales líticos (piedras talladas a modo de cuchillas para fines utilitarios). Un área muy similar a la antigua laguna de Taguatagua, por lo que su valor arqueo-paleontológico aún no ha sido dimensionado en su totalidad.
Su gran biodiversidad de flora y fauna es incuestionable: estudios del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Ebird, Red de Observadores de Aves, Aves de Chile y Fundación Añañuca, contabilizaron al menos 93 especies (89 de aves, 3 de mamíferos y 2 de anfibios), la gran mayoría nativas (91,4%) o endémicas.
Sus principales amenazas: su uso como vertedero residencial e industrial, el movimiento de tierra para extender monocultivos de frutales y la contaminación de sus aguas con agrotóxicos y el cableado de un parque fotovoltaico que pasaría sobre él, impactándolo.
Las agresiones contra El Ancho
La Agrupación Pro Defensa Laguna del Ancho y la comunidad, a través del municipio de Pichilemu, obtuvo de la SEREMI de Medioambiente la admisión de su solicitud de declaración como humedal protegido el pasado 2 de agosto. En el camino quedaron las querellas y amenazas que sufrieron, en particular, mujeres del colectivo.
En nuestra región, urge brindar protección a los humedales de Cahuil, ya los que se producen en los encuentros de afluente y bordes del Río Claro en Puente Negro y varios sectores del Tinguiririca y Cachapoal.
El humedal El Ancho, en la subcuenca entre el río Rápel y el Estero Nilahue, es la reserva de agua potable de Pichilemu. Ha sufrido dos grandes intervenciones humanas, siendo la más agresiva el relleno con escombros y tierra para lotear y vender terrenos. La segunda fue la usurpación de gran parte del agua sin tenencia de derechos de aprovechamiento. Tiene una superficie de 41,7 hectáreas, es un sistema natural y sin embargo fue considerado artificial por la Dirección General de Aguas con la finalidad de acopiar de agua.
En su biodiversidad se destacan una especie de flora terrestre de los humedales de Cardenal Caro, en peligro crítico de extinción, llamada Neoporteria aspillagae, la cual sólo se encuentra en ambientes de vegetación esclerófila. En fauna, habitan allí el cisne de cuello negro y especies objeto de conservación como el ave Ardea cocoi y el reptil Liolaemus lemniscatus.
Una tarea urgente: masificar la protección de nuestros Humedales.
Los humedales proveen de agua potable, apoyan a la existencia de hábitats, regulan la contaminación a través de la depuración de nutrientes, siendo por ello lugares privilegiados para la educación ambiental. Hacen, además, un aporte sustancial al ciclo hídrico siendo sumideros de humedad que generan evapotranspiración y evaporación que aporta agua verde y azul en lluvia y recarga las napas subterráneas, claves para el control del bordemar, disminuyendo riesgos de tsunamis. Por ello, urge su protección como fuente de regulación climática.
En el mundo han desaparecido cerca del 50%, por eso la urgencia de detener esta extinción. Según el Plan Nacional de Protección de Humedales https://mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Plan_humedales_Baja_confrase_VERSION-DEFINITIVA.pdf en nuestra región existen 20.377 hectáreas de humedales y de ellas apenas 395 están protegidas, lo que equivale al 1,9%. Es decir, somos la región con menos protección de ecosistemas acuáticos, lo que se contradice con la necesidad urgente de restaurar el ciclo del agua en nuestra tierra.
Tarea pendiente es la protección del humedal de Cahuil, los encuentros de afluente y bordes del Río Claro en Puente Negro y varios sectores del Tinguiririca y Cachapoal.
93 comentarios en “Humedales en la región: apenas un 2% está protegido”
Me parece genial que se aga con suma urgencia estas peticiones para proteger nuestros umedales ..sobretodo este que esta cerquita donde vivo y conozco de mi niños vamos con todo el newuen …
Excelente artículo, felicitaciones por colocar los grandes temas en la palestra. A entera disposición para apoyar las iniciativas regionales que aporten a salvaguardar nuestro territorio.
La protección del humedal (el ancho) se gracias al trabajo en conjunto de la agrupación prodefensa el ancho. Cuyos integrantes trabajaron mucho para llegar a este punto. Fue un lindo trabajo. Entre todos los integrantes y su comunidad.. Que vieron la necesidad de proteger. El entorno natural del sector.. Felicitaciones..
Es importante que se siga transmitiendo conocimiento de los humedales para que la gente entienda en qué consisten y puedo el día de mañana defenderlos con capacidad de conocimiento. Gracias.
Excelente informacion! Urge organizarnos region por region, por la defensa de todos los humedales y apoyarnos mutuamente para lograr masa critica no solo para declararlos protegidos bajo la nueva ley, sino tambien para ir unpaso mas alla declarandolos sujetos de derechos consagrados en la nueva constitucion. Gracias Caro por guardianar los humedales de tu region.
Excelente artículo considerando la importancia de los humedales, más aún en tiempos de escasez hidrica. Hay mucho desconocimiento de este tema, trascendental entonces difundir y educar para salvaguardar el ecosistema, flora y fauna que forman un hábitat único. Felicitaciones.
Que buen artículo! Felicitaciones. Urge cuidar los humedales de este modelo que destruye todo, aunque sean lugares esenciales para la vida.
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