Informe PISA 2022: ¿cuán graves son sus resultados?

El informe PISA, que evalúa competencias en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias en adolescentes de 15 años en 81 países, mostró que Chile sigue estando en primer lugar entre los países latinoamericanos evaluados. Sin embargo, más de la mitad de quienes fueron testeados no alcanza las competencias mínimas en matemáticas, cifra que en comprensión lectora llega a un tercio y similar porcentaje no cumple con las competencias mínimas en ciencias.

Por Edison Ortiz

El Informe del Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de los Estudiantes o Informe PISA, confirmó el retroceso de la educación chilena, lo que se refleja en indicadores similares a los de hace 14 años, pero la mantuvo en el primer lugar entre los países de Latinoamérica.

PISA es una evaluación que aplica la OECD, Organización de Estados para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias, y los resultados conocidos el pasado martes corresponden a su aplicación en 81 países.

Entre los diez primeros en las distintas materias, se repiten países asiáticos en su mayoría: China (la medición fue realizada en algunas regiones de ese país), Singapur, Macao, Hong Kong, Corea del Sur, Taiwán, Japón. Y son minoría los países de otros territorios: Estonia, Finlandia, Canadá, Irlanda, Polonia.

Fuente: https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/

Para Chile, el informe señaló que la brecha entre los estudiantes con “puntuaciones más altas y los estudiantes más débiles se redujo en matemáticas, no cambió significativamente en lectura y se amplió en ciencias”.

Según el columnista del periódico El País de España, Sebastián Izquierdo, el informe PISA ha revelado que “la pandemia de COVID-19 dejó una marca imborrable en la educación y la prueba PISA 2022 acaba de dejarla al descubierto: un deterioro educativo a nivel global sin precedentes. El promedio de la OCDE disminuyó en casi 15 puntos en matemáticas y cerca de 10 puntos en lectura en comparación con la medición de 2018. No obstante, el rendimiento promedio en ciencias se mantuvo estable. La tendencia negativa no es nueva, ya que se venía observando desde antes de la pandemia, especialmente en matemáticas desde 2009, en lectura desde 2012 y en ciencias, donde prácticamente se han estancado durante una década”.

Descensos menos marcados en matemáticas y lectura

Para el caso chileno, señala que “en línea con la tendencia global, Chile experimentó descensos en matemáticas y lectura, aunque no tan marcados como el promedio de los 81 países/economías participantes. De hecho, sólo cuatro mejoraron su desempeño en las tres áreas entre 2018 y 2022, y Chile claramente no estuvo entre esas excepciones”.

Así por ejemplo en matemáticas “no se observó una disminución significativa en comparación con 2018, con una diferencia de solo -5 puntos, es innegable que esta merma, sumada a la anterior, nos ha dejado prácticamente en el mismo nivel que teníamos hace 16 años. Sin embargo, los promedios suelen encubrir realidades diversas. Las mujeres experimentaron una disminución significativa de 11 puntos, lo que duplicó la brecha de género. Además, las diferencias entre el quintil socioeconómico más bajo y el más alto se redujeron, no solo debido a que los estudiantes de nivel más bajo aumentaron sus puntajes en 10 puntos, sino también porque, lamentablemente, los estudiantes de nivel más alto disminuyeron en 14 puntos”.

En resumen, “Chile presenta un 55,7% de estudiantes que no alcanzan las competencias mínimas requeridas para participar completamente en una sociedad moderna, en contraste con el 31% en los países de la OCDE”, sentenció El País.

El primer lugar en matemáticas lo ocupa Singapur, con 575 puntos mientras que Chile se sitúa en el lugar 41 con 412 puntos por sobre Uruguay y México.

En Lenguaje si bien hubo una disminución de 4 puntos, no fue significativa en relación con 2018, pero esto aconteció si lo comparamos con 2015. Aquí de nuevo hubo disminución de las brechas socioeconómicas pero el resultado es amenazador: “un tercio de los estudiantes chilenos no demuestra las competencias básicas de comprensión lectora necesarias para desenvolverse eficazmente en la sociedad actual”.

En esta asignatura el primer lugar de nuevo lo ocupa Singapur con 543 puntos en tanto nuestro país se sitúa en el lugar 36 con 448 puntos siendo, nuevamente el primero de Latinoamérica.

En Ciencias, en tanto, Chile obtuvo un idéntico puntaje a la medición anterior lográndose mantener el nivel de hace 16 años, pero la conclusión es desalentadora “un tercio de los estudiantes que alcanza el nivel mínimo, versus la OECD que es solo de un 25%”.

Aquí, nuevamente el primer lugar lo ocupa Singapur con 561 puntos, en tanto Chile se sitúa en el lugar 42 con 444 puntos lejos de los 485 que indica el promedio de la OCDE.

En conclusión, Chile retrocede 14 años en resultados, continua por debajo del promedio de la OCDE pero se mantiene a un buen nivel respecto de Latinoamérica en las tres áreas evaluadas.

En el ámbito educativo, Chile ha experimentado importantes situaciones en los últimos años. Aparte de la pandemia, asunto común para todo el mundo, desde 2018 se sumó un fuerte movimiento de protestas sociales que detonó en 2019 y los efectos de la pandemia con el retorno presencial de 2022 y los nuevos desafíos que ello planteó al sistema escolar –alta deserción, enfermedades psicológicas y crisis económica -. En perspectiva, esos elementos en el contexto que enfrentó el país en los últimos cinco años hacen que los resultados de la última PISA no sean vistos con tanto dramatismo aunque, como lo han señalado algunos expertos, tampoco pueden llevar al inmovilismo.

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