La Segunda Cumbre Socioambiental de O´Higgins, realizada el 26 de noviembre en San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, abordó la situación de conflictos socioambientales que están afectando a cada una de las provincias de nuestra región. Compartimos una síntesis de lo expuesto por Ariel Alvéstegui de Fundación Añañuca sobre la provincia de Cachapoal.
Carolina Miranda
En el marco de la Segunda Cumbre Socioambiental de O´Higgins, realizada el día sábado 26 de noviembre en San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, organizada por el Instituto de Derechos Humanos y la Asociación Regional Ambiental de O´Higgins (ARAO), se dio a conocer la situación de conflictos socioambientales que están afectando a cada una de las provincias de nuestra región.
Aquí compartimos la síntesis de lo expuesto por Ariel Alvéstegui, de Fundación Añañuca, en representación de la provincia de Cachapoal. Ariel describió la matriz productiva que está presente en la provincia y en la región, la cual sería de carácter primario y abocada principalmente a 3 sectores: la gran minería, la agricultura de exportación y la agroindustria. Una matriz bastante antigua y que tiene poco desarrollo a nivel tecnológico, lo que hace que las consecuencias medioambientales sean más graves, a menos que se realicen las transformaciones adecuadas, por ejemplo, en la minería.
Relaves, energía y partículas de la gran minería
En el caso de la gran minería, que en nuestra región es mayoritariamente estatal, no está tomando los resguardos suficientes, partiendo por el problema con los relaves que no tendrían ningún tipo de mecanismo que impida la infiltración y contaminación de las aguas y los subsuelos. En el presente, no pareciera ser un problema tan evidente y existen comunidades y bosques en las cercanías, pero su impacto es algo que aparecerá con mayor claridad entre 50 y 100 años.
En segundo lugar, identifica el requerimiento energético de esta industria, tanto de El Teniente como otras, lo que se satisface con múltiples matrices energéticas, no solo las convencionales, sino también el auge de las nuevas tecnologías que se pensaría que son poco contaminantes, como los planteles de energía solar o eólica pero que, en la práctica, tienen un impacto negativo en las comunidades. Por último, plantea que la gran minería tiene otro gran impacto, difícil de visualizar para quien vive en la ciudad o alejado de las mineras, como es la emisión de material particulado sobre glaciares, lo que provoca un aceleramiento del derretimiento que está afectando a estos grandes cuerpos y reservas de agua.
Monopolio, manipulación y destrucción en el agro
La agricultura de exportación tiene un fuerte impacto social y ambiental, los agroquímicos afectan significativamente la salud humana y de la naturaleza, aunque muchas son las familias que obtienen parte importante de su sustento a través de ella, pero con un alto nivel de precariedad. Por otro lado, las comunidades que viven más cerca de la agroindustria están sometidas a vertido de residuos contaminantes a los cauces de agua, contaminación de napas subterráneas, malos olores, moscas, alto tránsito de camiones. El apoyo de estas empresas a las comunidades con soluciones aparentes terminan mermando la capacidad de exigir condiciones mínimas de equilibrio entre naturaleza, comunidad e industria.
La agricultura de exportación y la agroindustria están acaparando las aguas, generando tranques, embalses, secando pozos, mermando caudal ecológico y no se ha hecho nada al respecto. En la visión de Alvéstegui, todo eso va acompañado de la deforestación de bosque naivo, el envenenamiento del suelo y las transformaciones a los ecosistemas, que incrementan la crisis por cambio climático e instalando el desierto en nuestra región.
Crecimiento extractivista
Las 3 principales materias de producción de la región son de alto impacto en la naturaleza, tienen pocos mecanismos eficientes de participación ciudadana, y menos estrategias para solucionar con transformación a los modelos utilizados, que respeten la capacidad de carga de los ecosistemas, a las comunidades. En sus modelos productivos no se plantean los riesgos inminentes de la crisis climática y la necesidad urgente de restaurar los ecosistemas que sostienen nuestra vida.
Otro problema que preocupa es que el campo se está repoblando, por la migración de gente desde las ciudades y no están las condiciones de acceso a diferentes servicios que colapsan, como el agua, la salud y la educación. Esta nueva población trae sus modos citadinos, lo que daña el ecosistema y la identidad rural, que se comienza a sentir invadida.
La destrucción de ecosistemas que se da en la provincia está ligada a la extracción de áridos, al incremento de carreteras, y el barrido de ríos realizado por el MOP, que destruye toda la vegetación aledaña. Por otro lado, no hay parques nacionales, y existen reservas abandonadas y tomadas por personas que podrían incluso ser quemadas para cultivos de otras especies. Es importante mencionar que hay una destrucción constante de sitios arqueológicos, patrimoniales y paleontológicos, y vuelve lo que se ha mencionado antes: no hay regulación ni mecanismos que permitan a la comunidad proteger el patrimonio de la llegada de proyectos energéticos, intervenciones en obras civiles, perforación de pozos y otras que dañan estos sitios de valor. El representante de Fundación Añañuca alertó que hay otros daños asociados a prácticas que podemos realizar nosotros mismos como la pesca, cacería, abandono de mascotas en sitios de fauna nativa, fogatas e incluso los basurales ilegales que utilizan los mismos vecinos.
Nos parece importante mencionar la relevancia de conocer la realidad de cada territorio, las zonas sacrificadas que se instalaron en nuestra región, y esperamos poder apoyar a la visibilización de estos conflictos como también sus posibles soluciones. En próximas ediciones, abordaremos las problemáticas de las otras provincias expuestas en la 2° Cumbre Socioambiental como también las respuestas que dan los movimientos ecologistas a esta situación.
Si quieres ver toda la presentación de Ariel Alvéstegui de la fundación Añañuca, accede a este link: https://www.instagram.com/p/ClbfTp_Lf6a/
74 comentarios en “Las amenazas de la minería, el agro y los nuevos habitantes rurales”
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