En la sociedad chilena actual, los posibles daños de las teorías conspiracionistas incluyen: circular propaganda anti-vacuna; incitar el odio contra los inmigrantes, los indígenas, o las diversidades sexuales; calumniar a figuras públicas, y despreciar las instituciones democráticas (incluyendo la Convención Constitucional).
Por David Allen Harvey
Las teorías conspiracionistas están de moda. Navegando por Internet, se las puede encontrar por miles. Unos dicen que el COVID es un arma biológica desarrollada en un laboratorio chino; otros mantienen que el virus es mentira, y que la supuesta vacuna es la excusa inventada por Bill Gates para meter microchips en los cuerpos humanos y así controlar a la población. Hay quienes argumentan que los extraterrestres ya viven entre nosotros, y que el gobierno norteamericano mantiene una nave espacial y cadáveres de enanitos verdes escondidos en una base militar (la llamada Área 51), al norte de la ciudad de Las Vegas. Otros están convencidos de que los OVNI en realidad son vehículos de alta tecnología fabricados por los nazis, que tras el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se refugiaron en una base secreta en la Antártida. Otros creen que el mundo es plano, y que la llegada del hombre a la luna fue un montaje de Hollywood. El problema verdadero del rapto y tráfico de niñas también ha servido de base de teorías conspiracionistas, y lugares tan insólitos como una pizzería de la capital norteamericana, una reserva natural de mariposas en la frontera entre EE.UU. y México, y una empresa de venta de muebles en línea han sido nombrados como piezas claves en el nuevo tráfico de blancas (o trata de personas). Hay que reconocer que el Internet, foro moderno en el cual cualquier persona puede publicar lo que quiera sin filtro editorial, ha facilitado la circulación de las mentiras más insólitas.
Sin embargo, las teorías conspiracionistas no son nuevas, y para un historiador, lo que llama la atención es la repetición constante de ciertos elementos: sangre, rapto de niños, enfermedades misteriosas, sociedades secretas, poderosos corruptos y malvados. En la Edad Media, la acusación de que los judíos raptaron niños cristianos para sacrificarlos en ritos secretos dio lugar a varias masacres. En los comienzos de la era moderna, las sequías, las tormentas, y las muertes misteriosas de ganado fueron atribuidas a la influencia malévola de las brujas, y miles de mujeres inocentes fallecieron quemadas en hogueras. En pleno Siglo de las Luces, muchos parisinos se convencieron de que un noble depravado, tal vez el mismísimo rey Luis XV, ordenaba el rapto de niños callejeros y se bañaba en su sangre para lograr la eterna juventud. En el siglo turbulento entre las dos grandes revoluciones modernas, la francesa de 1789 y la rusa de 1917, las teorías conspiracionistas se multiplicaron como nunca antes. Frente a la Revolución Francesa y el período de inestabilidad política y social que la siguió, los defensores del trono y del altar buscaron una causa escondida capaz de producir tanto caos. Muchos la encontraron en la masonería, y una logia relativamente desconocida de Alemania, los Illuminati de Baviera, entraron en la leyenda como la sociedad secreta por excelencia. Un siglo después, un periodista francés, Leo Taxil, con la intención de burlarse de la Iglesia Católica, publicó una serie de revelaciones sensacionalistas sobre una supuesta conspiración masónica, y logró convencer a muchos fieles ingenuos, y hasta algunos oficiales del Vaticano, de que los masones rindieron culto al mismo Lucifer, y que dirigieron su plan de dominio global satánico desde la logia de Charleston en el sur de los EE.UU.
Quizás la teoría conspiracionista más conocida y más dañina de la historia del mundo es la que viene anunciada en el libro Los protocolos de los sabios de Sion. El libro, que comienza con una supuesta asamblea nocturna en el cementerio judío de la ciudad de Praga en el siglo XVIII, cuenta la historia de una pretendida conspiración judía para dominar el mundo por las redes financieras de banqueros y comerciantes pertenecientes a este grupo. Poco importa que la falsedad de este texto ha sido demostrada una y otra vez: es una fabricación formulada por la policía secreta del zarismo ruso a fines del siglo XIX, plagiando una serie de escritos de algunos autores franceses relativamente desconocidos. La leyenda de una conspiración judía tenía todo para ser un éxito en la Europa de aquella época: acusaba a un pueblo vilipendiado desde siglos como los asesinos de Cristo y los enemigos de la Iglesia, expresaba las inquietudes sobre el capitalismo y el poder de las finanzas, y se mezclaba con las antiguas teorías anti-judías y antimasónicas sobre conspiraciones secretas y planes de dominio mundial. Los protocolos fue traducidos a docenas de idiomas distintos, ayudó a fomentar la furia antisemita que culminó en el Holocausto, y hasta hoy día sigue en circulación, siendo usado para incitar odio hacia el pueblo judío.
¿Por qué el ser humano está tan dispuesto a creer las mentiras más burdas, y por qué el avance del conocimiento científico ha sido impotente al momento de desmentir las creencias populares? A mitad del siglo pasado, dos académicos, el cientista político Richard Hofstadter, de los EE.UU., y el historiador Leon Poliakov, judío ruso radicado en Francia, ofrecieron sus interpretaciones. Poliakov, intentando comprender el Holocausto y la causa de tanto odio hacia su pueblo, interpretó el racismo y antisemitismo como reacciones del obscurantismo retrógrado contra el progreso de la razón y de la herencia igualitaria de la Ilustración. Hofstadter, por su parte, investigaba las causas de la histeria anticomunista de los años 50 en su país, tiempo en que muchos de sus compatriotas creyeron las acusaciones del senador Joseph McCarthy sobre la supuesta infiltración comunista de las instituciones del gobierno norteamericano. Tanto Hofstadter como Poliakov profundizaron su análisis para examinar las razones psicológicas y sociales del éxito de tales teorías conspiracionistas: la enajenación social en el mundo contemporáneo, el miedo frente al cambio social, el temor y el odio hacia “el otro”, y la falta de confianza en las instituciones establecidas.
En nuestra época, las teorías conspiracionistas tienen camino libre por el Internet, medio por su naturaleza muy vulnerable a la manipulación para fines políticos y estratégicos. Hace mucho tiempo que los servicios de inteligencia de varios países se dedican a la desinformación (los llamados Psy-Ops, u operaciones psicológicas, en contra de sus enemigos), y en los últimos años, el gobierno de Vladimir Putin (ex agente de la KGB, servicio de inteligencia soviética) ha perfeccionado estas técnicas para interferir en las elecciones democráticas de varios países. Dentro de los EE.UU., algunos veteranos del escándalo de Watergate, como el excéntrico personaje Roger Stone, han adaptado sus métodos a la era cibernética para atacar a los enemigos de su actual patrón, el ex presidente Donald Trump. La teoría conspiracionista de Q-Anon, que alega una conspiración pedófila dentro del gobierno norteamericano y presenta al ex presidente Trump como un guerrero santo contra el imperio del mal, es una síntesis de elementos prestados de las antiguas teorías antisemitas, antimasónicas, y anticomunistas ya mencionadas. Los motivos de Q-Anon son los mismos de siempre: el odio al “otro”, el miedo frente al cambio, y el deseo de dominar.
¿Cómo se debe enfrentar a las teorías conspiracionistas? En una sociedad libre, la censura no es opción y, además, la censura podría servir tanto para callar la verdad como para combatir la mentira. El carácter globalizado del Internet también limita la capacidad de los gobiernos de controlar su contenido, y pese a sus inconveniencias, esta cualidad es una gran virtud para facilitar la comunicación y el entendimiento entre los pueblos. Por lo tanto, la responsabilidad para combatir las teorías conspiracionistas y los fake news que reparten cae sobre todos los ciudadanos. Es crucial recuperar y desarrollar el sentido crítico, de saber distinguir lo verdadero de lo falso y de fomentar lo que se ha llamado information literacy o “alfabetismo informático.” Se puede encontrar de todo en Internet, pero no hay que creer todo lo que se encuentra allí. Hay que examinar las fuentes de información para evaluar si son creíbles o no. Hay que pensar las cosas lógicamente, para ver si los argumentos tienen patas y cabeza. Cuando se ve una afirmación chocante o sorprendente, hay que preguntarse, como antes decían los socialistas italianos opositores a Mussolini: “Cui bono?” (¿a quién beneficia?). Es decir, ¿quién tiene interés en difundir tal o cual mentira? Hay que pensar antes de reenviar un email o repostear un meme que fomenta una teoría conspiracionista que puede hacer daño. En la sociedad chilena actual, los posibles daños de las teorías conspiracionistas incluyen: circular propaganda anti-vacuna; incitar el odio contra los inmigrantes, los indígenas, o las diversidades sexuales; calumniar a figuras públicas, y despreciar las instituciones democráticas (incluyendo la Convención Constitucional). Solamente con el sentido crítico se puede llegar a la verdad. Como dijo Voltaire hace más de dos siglos: “Los que pueden hacerte creer en absurdos podrán hacerte cometer atrocidades.”
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