Los medios de comunicación en tiempos de convulsión social

Los medios de comunicación, desde la dictadura en adelante y que se profundizó con la transición, tuvieron cada vez más peso en la construcción de opinión pública lo que redundó, también, en la incorporación de capitales privados que dominaban el modelo imperante en la idea de generar una “esfera pública” acorde al neoliberalismo. Se hizo común que connotados empresarios se hicieran de medios de comunicación, de diverso tipo, para construir una opinión pública sesgada y parcial, que hizo crisis con el estallido social. Estamos ad-portas de una nueva prensa, más libre y autónoma que debiera consolidarse con la nueva Constitución.

Valentina Arismendi, Ignacio Manzur, Josselyn López, Nicolás López[1]

Hace aproximadamente un mes, trabajadores del canal La Red iniciaron una huelga producto del retraso en el pago de sueldos y cotizaciones, esto provocó la cancelación de todos los programas que se transmitían en vivo y, además, de la renuncia del director de canal, el periodista Víctor Gutiérrez, quien llevaba dos años en el cargo.

No es la primera vez que ocurre una crisis de un canal de televisión como La Red. En 1999, el canal Rock & Pop cayó en una profunda crisis financiera que desencadenó en el cierre final de este medio de comunicación. Misma suerte corrieron otros medios de comunicación escritos y radiales durante la década de los 2000.

Con la consolidación del modelo neoliberal y la llegaba de la democracia en 1990, los medios de comunicación comenzaron a tener un mayor peso y relevancia en la opinión pública. Sin embargo, y como ocurrió con los otros rubros de la economía, el elemento central de la prensa, es decir, la información, se comenzó a mercantilizar de la mano del gran empresariado forjado en dictadura. Dando una lenta pero segura adquisición de medios de prensa, fueron los grupos Copesa (Álvaro Saieh) y El Mercurio (familia Edwards) quienes consolidaron su poder en la prensa escrita durante el periodo de dictadura. Posterior a la prensa escrita, las familias Claro, Luksic, Piñera y Héller Solari se convirtieron en flamantes dueños de canales de televisión. Consorcios empresariales de matriz diversificada tomaron el control de los medios, pagando publicidad de otras empresas de los mismos grupos empresariales. Esta captura de medios llegó incluso a las principales radioemisoras nacionales y regionales.

Durante octubre de 2019, en el apogeo del estallido social, el modelo estratégico de control de medios se convirtió en un elemento central de la indignación popular, proliferando, a través de rallados y consignas, mensajes como: “prensa burguesa no nos interesa”; “Las murallas hablan lo que la prensa calla” o “La tv miente”, adicional al -ya clásico- “no son 30 pesos sino que 30 años”. Bajo este paradigma, el diario El Mercurio publica, en su edición del 20 de octubre del 2019, el siguiente titular: “Protestas, saqueos y estado de excepción se extienden a regiones: OLA DE VIOLENCIA NO CEDE ANTE EL TOQUE DE QUEDA NI LA SUSPENSIÓN DE ALZA DE TARIFAS La salida de militares a la calle no impidió que Santiago viviera las 36 horas más violentas desde el retorno a la democracia, con múltiples daños a la propiedad pública y privada”. Esto ocurrió en medio de diversas manifestaciones, violaciones a los derechos humanos y un incendio en la fábrica Kayser, en la cual se encontraron 5 cuerpos de personas calcinadas, que hasta el día de hoy no hay claridad sobre lo acontecido.

Bajo dicho contexto, la credibilidad de la radio y televisión siguió con su estrepitosa caída, en cuanto a confianza y credibilidad. Según datos del Termómetro Social del Núcleo Milenio en Desarrollo Social y la Universidad de Chile, durante octubre 2019 la fuente de información que entregaba mayor confianza a los encuestados era obtenida a través de comunicación directa con amigos y vecinos (6,7), en desmedro de la información proporcionada por los noticiarios de TV (3,6).

Pero, ¿qué hay detrás del descontento hacia los medios de comunicación tradicionales durante el estallido social de 2019? Un elemento importante a considerar es la relación que existe entre la línea editorial de cada medio y el financiamiento que permite que un medio pueda subsistir. De forma transversal a esta lógica de dependencia, se encuentran las audiencias o rating. En este plano y según el último estudio de confianza, realizado por ANATEL (2022), La Red es el canal de televisión que más confianza genera en la ciudadanía, en contraposición a Canal 13, del empresario Andrónico Luksic, medio que genera mayor recelo entre los encuestados. 

La Red, al igual que el resto de los medios de comunicación, excepto TVN, se financia con aportes de capital de los propietarios, en este caso Albavisión. Sin embargo, el mayor aporte que reciben es por medio de publicidad. Durante el estallido social, La Red informó los hechos de forma independiente, con una visión pluralista. Es más, durante la conmemoración del 11 de septiembre año pasado, el canal de capitales extranjeros emitió el documental La Batalla de Chile de Patricio Guzmán, posterior a esto la empresa Carozzi, retiró la publicidad del canal, señalando que: “Por definiciones corporativas la compañía no auspicia programas con contenido político, como una señal de respeto a nuestros consumidores y a su forma de pensar”. 

La actual Constitución establece el derecho al libre acceso a información plural y oportuna, esto implica que el Estado debe garantizar las condiciones tanto para el acceso como para la pluralidad. Sin embargo, y como es demostrado en este análisis, la pluralidad no se encuentra contenida por medio de los medios de comunicación tradicional, pues son las leyes del mercado y los aspectos ideológicos, de determinados sectores políticos, las que definen cuáles son las líneas editoriales que entregan información a la opinión pública.

Epílogo: hacia una nueva prensa

Considerando lo anteriormente expuesto, es relevante realizar un ejercicio analítico en torno al derecho de la libertad de expresión y la capacidad de recibir una información objetiva, completa e igualitaria para todos. En relación a ello, urge de sobremanera que en la nueva Constitución se plasmen garantías orientadas a evitar la censura, con la finalidad de lograr ejercer de manera íntegra la libertad de expresión. De igual manera, lo anterior no haría eco ni tampoco conllevaría un gran cambio si la ciudadanía no se empodera de un rol fiscalizador en torno a la forma de comunicar los diversos hechos, tanto particulares como sociales. Considerando lo anteriormente expuesto, –y como ciudadanía activa-, es nuestro deber desplegar todas nuestras herramientas para informarse a través de medios objetivos, cuestionar y ahondar conocimientos referentes a un hecho particular, lo cual se vuelve una tarea indispensable si se trata de informar y no desinformar; solo de esta manera estaremos aportando en la profundización de la democracia.


[1] Esta columna es parte de la investigación desarrollada en el curso Electivo de Historia, Chile Violento, desarrollado0 en el Magister en Gerencia y Políticas Públicas de Universidad de Santiago.

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