Por Edison Ortiz.
El Regionalista, conversó con el Premio Nacional de Historia, Gabriel Salazar, a propósito de su libro “¿Ser niño “huacho” en la historia de Chile” (LOM Ediciones, 2016). Para el historiador, la principal dificultad que tiene hoy el modelo educacional es que mide sólo resultados, descuidando un aspecto central de la formación: el afecto. Esta carencia es especialmente grave en miles de niñ@s cuya realidad de vulneración explica que lleguen a las escuelas con déficit socioemocional que debe ser atendido por l@s profesionales de la educación, aunque no sea una tarea relevante para el Ministerio.
Este fue el tenor del diálogo sostenido con el historiador.
¿Por qué tuvo tanta repercusión su libro sobre la infancia destrozada?
“Los huachos” –así se les llamaba-, fueron una realidad muy patente en el siglo XIX. Debemos recordar que cerca del 40% de los niños que nacían tenían esa condición, lo que se mantuvo intacto hasta bien entrado el siglo XX y fue, más o menos evidente, hasta el gobierno de Salvador Allende en que ese porcentaje baja a un 18%. Con el modelo neoliberal la cifra sube de nuevo hasta cerca de un 60%, aunque no se publica. Ya no se les llama huachos, sino ilegítimos, cuando no “naturales”, pero de familias disfuncionales, de padres separados o donde las mujeres son jefas de hogar.
Hijos con un tremendo déficit afectivo, muchos de ellos con problemas de aprendizaje y donde hay una depresión instalada de un 47%, con tasas de suicidios récord en los jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años. Hay un efecto perverso donde el problema afectivo se traslada al rendimiento escolar.
¿Desde cuándo los niños son objeto de preocupación en los programas de gobierno?
Creo que desde el surgimiento del Estado de Bienestar. Desde la época de Darío Salas es cuando se evidencia una cierta preocupación por el niño desvalido, proceso que se consolida luego con el Frente Popular y el Estado Docente que se plasma en la constitución de 1925 con la instalación de la enseñanza básica obligatoria y que consolida finalmente Salvador Allende con su preocupación por el bienestar y la salud de madre e hijos y la instalación del hospital Roberto del Río.
¿Qué pasó con la infancia durante la dictadura?
Hubo despreocupación, no tengo la cifra – se ocultan los datos -, pero fue brutal. La precarización de la niñez por el desempleo y la necesidad de las madres de trabajar en cualquier cosa, dejando a los niños solos. Por ejemplo, yo hice un trabajo sobre el tema en Rancagua que está muy bien descrito en el texto “La sociedad civil popular del poniente y sur de Rancagua”. En la escuela Alberto Blest Gana de la población Dintrans, se evidencia muy bien la falta de afecto y resguardo socioemocional de los niños por parte de sus padres, con muchos “cabros solos” que tempranamente se inician en el consumo de pasta base y donde los profesores deben invertir gran parte de su tiempo en generar afecto y empatía con ellos, mientras el Ministerio de Educación solo está preocupado de su rendimiento. Espacio donde son, sobre todo, las escuelas municipales las que tienen que hacerse cargo de estos niños, situación que ha aumentado con la inmigración, en particular, haitiana. Colegios a los cuales el sistema solo les pide resultados, pero que tienen que dedicar gran parte de su tiempo escolar a contener a niños y niñas con déficit de afecto paterno y materno. Niños que, históricamente cargan con la mochila de “huachos”, pero que hoy, nadie los quiere llamar así.
La principal dificultad de las políticas públicas educativas es que se concentran sólo en obtener unos determinados resultados para parecernos a alguien: antes Inglaterra, luego Alemania, hoy día Finlandia. ¡Esa manía de nuestra oligarquía de querer siempre mirarse en modelos ajenos, en particular europeizantes, y no en su propia realidad, en sus propios niños y en generar con ellos afecto y amor!
¿Cuál es su opinión sobre el Sename como la agencia estatal preocupada del tema?
Tuve contacto con ella hasta hace algún tiempo, a través de algunos de sus directores. En general en estas instituciones que históricamente recogen niños y niñas vulnerados – antes fue, acuérdate, “la casa de Huérfanos” o la fundación “Niño y Patria”– es imposible que restituyan la función propia de padres y madres que es la de generar lazos emocionales y afectos humanos con los niños. Se preocupan en el mejor de los casos de que coman, de que estudien, de su disciplinamiento, pero no de lo que les falta: “el afecto”. Y a veces, son derechamente, como ha sucedido, instituciones que más bien pervierten niños, los violentan y los dañan para siempre. De allí, la necesidad de muchos de ellos de huir de esta institución.
Recuerdo que alguna vez aquí en Santiago, trabajamos con un grupo de trabajadoras sociales con niños que vivían en el Mapocho bajo el puente Bulnes, era tanta la falta de afecto de los críos que muchos de ellos llegaban luego a las casas de ellas, buscando protección emocional, en hogares que no estaban preparados para recibir niños vulnerados y violentados.
“El sistema bloquea, de algún modo, el acceso de esos niños al gran sistema de la modernidad y del mercado… Muchos niños y adolescentes … intentan llegar a los más altos niveles a costa de un esfuerzo agobiante… Son muy pocos los que, en nuestra sociedad actual, pueden alcanzar el éxito completo. La mayoría se quedará en el camino” (tomado de “Ser niño “huacho” en la historia de Chile (siglo XIX)”, de Gabriel Salazar, LOM Ediciones, 2006, página 124)
Es imposible que instituciones como el Sename, restituyan el amor que no encontraron en su propia casa y donde el sistema de lo único que se ocupa, es que rindan y se preparen para competir. Y que lo graficó muy bien el presidente Piñera en su anterior mandato cuando dijo que “la educación es un bien de consumo”, es decir una mercancía, donde la gente que piensa como él, vende ciencia y recibe notas a cambio de un pago y a quienes no les interesa el generar afecto por los niños.
Esa es la principal dificultad de las políticas públicas educativas que se concentran sólo en obtener unos determinados resultados para parecernos a alguien: antes Inglaterra, luego Alemania, hoy día Finlandia. ¡Esa manía de nuestra oligarquía de querer siempre mirarse en modelos ajenos, en particular europeizantes, y no en su propia realidad, en sus propios niños y en generar con ellos afecto y amor!
En ese sentido, es mucho más importante la labor educativa que realizaban los clubes deportivos de barrio y sus dirigentes que sí se preocupaban de formar a sus niños con afecto y valores, donde el presidente era “don” y las mujeres eran las que organizaban ese espacio de vida comunitaria donde había mucha psicología social, carente en absoluto en el Estado y en sus políticas públicas.
104 comentarios en “Los niños huachos y la infancia en la historia de Chile”
Terrible realidad la que describe la entrevista. Cabe preguntarse si esta situación inhumana a que están sometidos miles de niños no está a la base de la crueldad revanchista que exhibe el delito hoy. Se me ocurre que descentralizar las soluciones buscando en sus propios barrios el ejercicio de esta solidaridad necesaria podría ayudar a crear un entorno de tratamiento más humano.Existe el ejemplo de mujeres en las poblaciones de Santiago que acogen a los angustiados, les proporcionan un té, un pan y sobre todo afecto, alguien que los escucha y han obtenido más éxito en la rehabilitación que clínicas especializadas. Es un problema para resolver por la comunidad con apoyo del Estado.
Buena entrevista. Aquí hay tantas respuesta a conductas indeseadas de muchos jóvenes.
Estimado Claudio, gracias por comentar, abrazos!
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