¿Por qué el empresario Raúl Schüler, que se apropió de objetos de arte de propiedad pública y particular, avaluados en varias centenas de millones de pesos, obtuvo por sus delitos una pena de sólo cuatro años y medio de presidio “en libertad vigilada intensiva” y una multa de 5 millones de pesos?
Por equipo de El Regionalista
En diciembre del 2018 vimos con sorpresa cómo la amplia colección de esculturas y objetos patrimoniales robados del empresario Raúl Schüler quedaba al descubierto. La PDI realizó la incautación de 102 obras patrimoniales del fundo La Punta en San Francisco de Mostazal, un “Versalles” en pleno campo chileno.
El pasado 25, el Juzgado de Garantía de Graneros lo condenó a cuatro años y medio de libertad vigilada y una multa simbólica, para el caudal del condenado, de 100 UTM.
El Ministerio de las Culturas, las Artes y el Patrimonio, la Municipalidad de Santiago y el Consejo de Defensa del Estado se hicieron parte de la querella y habían solicitado una indemnización por casi $500 millones de pesos.
De las 102 piezas incautadas que se encontraron en su poder, 56 poseen categoría de Monumento Nacional: cinco son monumentos históricos; una es monumento público, 31 son monumentos arqueológicos y las 19 restantes corresponden a fósiles con categoría de monumentos paleontológicos.
En el listado de obras robadas destacan algunas:
- «La Polimnia», robada desde el Cerro Santa Lucía en Santiago.
- Cuatro esculturas de mármol extraídas desde el casco histórico del Cementerio General de Santiago.
- Escultura «La Industria», confeccionada en fierro fundido de 180 kilos por la fundición francesa Val d´Osne en el siglo XIX, robada desde la Plaza Rubén Darío, en Valparaíso.
- 19 piezas paleontológicas encontradas en el fundo en un mal estado de conservación.
- Objetos robados de la colección del Museo Colonial de San Francisco
Parecía que todos los organismos del Estado estaban convencidos de que este caso emblemático debía ser sancionado con justicia y rigor.
La Fiscalía de Alta Complejidad de la región de O’Higgins solicitó penas que sumaban en total 15 años de presidio. No sólo se trataba de la pérdida material, sino que también de la vulneración de su característica central como monumento nacional: extraídas de sus sitios de origen, se descontextualizan y pierden significado y valor.
A juicio del Ministerio Público, el empresario merecía prisión por varios delitos, algunos reiterados: apropiación a título de receptación de monumentos nacionales (4 años de presidio); receptación (5 años); afectación a la integridad de un monumento nacional (3 años y un día) y porte ilegal de arma de fuego (3 años y un día).
Parecía que todos los organismos del Estado estaban convencidos de que este caso emblemático debía ser sancionado con justicia y rigor.
Dos años y medio después, sin embargo, tras un acuerdo entre el empresario y el Ministerio Público, el Juzgado de Garantía de Graneros condenó a Schüler a dos penas de presidio que suman cuatro años y medio -con beneficio de libertad vigilada- y al pago de 100 UTM. Esto, por los delitos de receptación y daño patrimonial de monumento paleontológico. No se consideró la calidad de monumentos nacionales de los objetos robados ni el porte ilegal de arma de fuego; la Fiscalía transitó de pedir 15 años de prisión a anunciar su decisión de no perseverar.
La trama del negocio de obras de arte
¿Por qué no se consideró el daño al patrimonio? ¿Por qué en el acta de audiencia sólo se da cuenta de condenas por el artículo 456 del Código Penal que castiga la receptación como si se tratara de cualquier objeto? ¿En qué se fundó el tribunal para no tomar en cuenta la afectación a la integridad de monumento nacional?
La historia del robo de monumentos nacionales, tráfico de obras de arte, antigüedades y objetos de valor patrimonial no verá la luz porque, tras bambalinas, hay un conflicto de poder que, como ya estamos acostumbrados en Chile, tiene su propia justicia. O no le llega la justicia. La impunidad no está sólo relacionada con la capacidad de negociación de abogados poderosos y las recurrentes presiones a la Fiscalía ante escándalos en los que se evidencia la corrupción. Hay aquí indicios de una trama oculta con aristas de tráfico que involucra a coleccionistas quienes triangulan acciones que comprometen a abogados como Ricardo Guzmán Lyon -asesor de las empresas de Schüler y de Ponce Lerou, quien es un conocido coleccionista y también tiene su propio Versalles en Zapallar- con anticuarios y vendedores, como el comerciante de antigüedades del Parque de los Reyes, Alberto Codesido. Este último, según investigación de CIPER, está en la mira de la policía que investiga sus nexos con sustractores de arte por encargo, y es un cercano a Schüler, con quien es vecino en el mismo edificio.
Ante las recurrentes decisiones de la fiscalía de no perseverar en sus acciones, particularmente cuando enfrenta intereses de la élite, nuevamente somos todos los chilenos las víctimas de un saqueo impune.
Ante las recurrentes decisiones de la fiscalía de no perseverar en sus acciones, particularmente cuando enfrenta intereses de la élite, nuevamente somos todos los chilenos las víctimas de un saqueo impune. No se trata sólo de un robo material, sino de delitos con una implicancia cultural enorme y en los cuales, los hechores buscan apropiarse del patrimonio de todos para transformarlo en símbolo de estatus y orgullo oligárquico personal. Nuevamente se demuestra que el privilegio y el poder están por sobre la ley, por sobre el derecho de la sociedad a tener acceso a su patrimonio, confirmando la desconexión de quienes tienen poder con los derechos culturales de una sociedad moderna.
Estos nuevos reyes versallescos están rodeados de esculturas y símbolos de un pasado glorioso de poder monárquico; cada uno de estos gestos de abuso podrían terminar, tal como sucedió con Luis XVI, bajo el tumulto popular. Cuando la élite se sigue preguntando quienes son los alienígenas que no vieron venir, aquí tenemos un nuevo antecedente a la causa.
Actuaciones de la justicia como la que describimos, tienen que dar paso a la necesaria transformación desde un sistema colonial a una sociedad verdaderamente democrática que valora y protege la diversidad cultural y su patrimonio, y en la que el Estado cumpla su rol garante de una justicia para todos por igual.
74 comentarios en “Los nuevos reyes de Versalles”
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