Muchos ingleses hasta casi la mitad del siglo pasado, tenían pavor a la electricidad. La razón: el lobby del gas (la energía a punto de ser destronada por la electricidad) le había montado muy mala prensa. Hoy, la irrupción de la red 5G de comunicaciones se anuncia con ventajas indesmentibles, pero hay señales de alerta sobre todo por eventuales efectos de las radiaciones que emitirán las antenas de la red sobre la salud y el ambiente. Ventajas aparte, no está nada de claro que la red contribuya sustancialmente a la igualdad, porque sus altos costos de infraestructura podrían dejar fuera de juego a importantes sectores productivos y habitacionales. Otra vez.
La irrupción de la red 5G de comunicaciones se anuncia con ventajas indesmentibles, pero hay señales de alerta sobre todo por eventuales efectos de las radiaciones que emitirán las antenas de la red sobre la salud y el ambiente.
En 2022, nuestro país estrenará la tecnología 5G de comunicaciones, un nuevo avance de la digitalización que abre grandes posibilidades, pero que tiene también cuestionamientos.
Ríos de tinta se han escrito sobre el tema, con afirmaciones difíciles de sostener como que, apenas se instale, el 5G logrará que todos gobernemos nuestras casas desde el celular o que, donde ya está instalado, ha incrementado los contagios de Covid.
Lo primero es entender que 5G se trata de la quinta generación, cimentada sobre los avances de las anteriores. Es un avance impulsado también por los volúmenes de información en la red, que cada año se duplica. La cuarta generación consiguió, desde 2010, masificar el uso del streaming y de las aplicaciones o app. La quinta abrirá el mundo del “internet de las cosas”, o sea, miles de aparatos, incluso de uso doméstico, que podrán manejarse masivamente con un celular 5G. Si hoy, en el mundo tenemos más de 7 mil millones de aparatos conectados a las redes de celulares, en pocos años llegaremos a 20 mil millones.
En el diagrama de más abajo, puede verse la progresión de generaciones digitales.
Tomado de http://www.4netonline.com/ws/5g-lo-que-debes-saber/
Al analizar ventajas y desventajas, es bueno tener en cuenta que la información disponible, principalmente en Internet, se añeja rápido. Por ejemplo, si una limitación técnica de la red estaba descrita en 2019, pudiera ser que ya esté resuelta.
Veamos las ventajas
- Más velocidad de conexión y una capacidad de tráfico que aumentará 100 veces.
- Más dispositivos conectados: la red 4G soportaba hasta 100 mil dispositivos conectados por km2. La nueva red admite hasta un millón. Esto, porque permitirá aplicaciones en hogares, ciudades inteligentes, autos sin chofer, sistemas de transporte, videos 3D, servicios médicos remotos, comunicación entre máquinas para automatización industrial, trabajar en la nube.
- Facilita la conexión multi acceso “desde los bordes” (Multi-access edge computing). Es decir, traslada las aplicaciones desde centros de datos a los bordes de la red, lo que por ejemplo, potenciará la telemedicina, innovaciones agrícolas focalizadas, uso de autos inteligentes, todo ello combinado con el uso de la inteligencia artificial.
Para la innovación agrícola, la 5G trae buenas noticias, en la medida que los actores tengan los medios para invertir en la red. Esto, porque será un recurso central para la agricultura de precisión, que permitirá el análisis de múltiples datos con inteligencia artificial como la cantidad de insectos, humedad del suelo, identificación de malezas o los volúmenes de cosecha en determinadas superficies. Toda esa información facilitará el tratamiento de los cultivos, según sus necesidades específicas, por ejemplo, reduciendo el uso de recursos como agua, nutrientes, fertilizantes y herbicidas. Lo mismo respecto del monitoreo del ganado.
- Funcionará sin problemas en medios de transporte que se desplazan a más de 500 km por hora. Por ejemplo, en aviones.
- Menor latencia, que es el tiempo que tarda un pedido de información de un dispositivo en recorrer la red y llegar a otro servidor. Disminuirá 10 veces, lo que permitirá precisión en el manejo de drones o equipos médicos en cirugías a distancia.
- Menor consumo de energía: las estaciones base necesitarán hasta 100 veces menos energía que la utilizada hasta ahora.
Vamos a las desventajas
- Requiere nueva infraestructura con nuevos equipos de radio de mayor potencia y eso implica un muy alto costo. Por supuesto, l@s usuari@s requerirán dispositivos equipados con tecnología 5G, o sea, necesitarán renovar sus equipos.
- Al utilizar frecuencias más altas, la cobertura de la señal será geográficamente más limitada, es decir, se requerirán más antenas. Se estima que la red necesitará una antena cada 10 casas.
Consecuencia de lo anterior, aumentará la radiación no ionizante, que es la que genera esta tecnología. Ponemos este punto como desventaja porque es el que más controvertido. Las redes 3, 4 y 5G generan campos electromagnéticos de radiofrecuencias por los que se transmite la información. El año pasado, la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones afirmó que numerosos estudios realizados en las últimas décadas, no entregan indicios de que, por debajo de los umbrales establecidos, estos campos electromagnéticos impliquen riesgos para la salud.
La radiación no ionizante no afectaría la estructura del átomo, como sí sucede con la radiación ionizante la que, por esa razón, ocasiona cáncer; en esta última se categorizan los rayos X y ultravioleta.
- En el corto plazo, usuarios rurales y remotos probablemente no tendrán acceso a 5G. Esto, a menos que un operador de la red decida invertir en infraestructura en esos lugares, cosa no muy probable si en esos sectores no hay grandes empresas que requieran el servicio.
Pero eso, la implantación en todas partes es un buen deseo que dista de las posibilidades reales de llevarse a la práctica. Sectores como el mundo rural de nuestra región tendrían que seguir esperando, a menos que las autoridades regionales inviertan en ello a partir de una política de conectividad. De lo contrario, la 5G podría incrementar la desigualdad, dejando a un amplio sector de la región desarrollándose a una marcha lenta.
Un ejemplo de lo anterior es la situación en los colegios de la región. Del total de 700 establecimientos públicos y subvencionados, al día de hoy 120 no tiene ningún tipo de conectividad. Y de los conectados, que son cerca de 580, un tercio tiene conexiones deficientes y, por lo tanto, problemas de diversa índole para ingresar a la red. Para que su conectividad mejore, hará falta bastante más que la llegada de 5G al país y a la región.
- En seguridad, sabemos que el modelo es distinto a las dos generaciones previas, lo que requerirá de los operadores comprensión rápida de sus alcances. Una mala gestión de la seguridad podría dejar muy expuesta la red a ciberataques.
Opinan sobre 5G
Hernán Calderón, presidente de CONADECUS (Corporación de Consumidores y Usuarios)
Sigue estando la duda el efecto que ello podría tener en la salud de las personas y en consecuencia es tema a investigar sobre las radiaciones que provoca. También en cuanto a las desventajas que tiene, por ejemplo, llegar a las zonas rurales que hoy día no tiene de tal manera que tengan acceso a esta tecnología.
Pedro Huichalaf, ex subsecretario de Telecomunicaciones
No son justificadas aquellas opiniones que vinculan estas tecnologías con enfermedades virales como Covid o con lógica de control de personas e identificación y seguimiento. Esta tecnología, se orienta más a dispositivos que a personas y se proyecta que se integren a sectores productivos.
Oscar Cabello, consultor en Telecomunicaciones
Circula el rumor de que las radiaciones del 5G serán mortíferas y que mucha gente podría fallecer a causa de ellas. Sin embargo, mi experiencia me indica que no es el 5G, en particular, lo que puede ocasionar riesgos para la salud, sino que gran parte de las radiaciones electromagnéticas. Y los seres humanos vivimos inmersos en un mar de radiaciones electromagnéticas desde que el mundo es mundo, siendo el sol la principal y más potente fuente de ellas.
Fuentes consultadas:
https://www.factec.usach.cl/la-tecnologia-5g-un-nuevo-paradigma
https://www.itu.int/es/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/5G-EMF-health.aspx
https://blogthinkbig.com/como-el-5g-es-una-herramienta-clave-para-la-innovacion-agricola
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