Después de década y media de negociaciones, retrocesos y fracasos, la comunidad internacional se puso de acuerdo para avanzar a la protección del 30% de la superficie marina, un hito en la lucha por salvar uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados del planeta. En Chile, aunque cerca del 40% del área oceánica está protegida, 14 de los 27 recursos pesqueros más importantes se encuentran en niveles de explotación no sostenible.
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Debieron transcurrir 15 años de negociaciones antes que los países se pusieran de acuerdo el pasado domingo 5 para firmar un tratado de protección de los océanos. El compromiso, adoptado al alero de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, convoca al conjunto de naciones a adoptar medidas hacia 2030 para proteger el 30% de la superficie océanica internacional.
El paso será gigantesco dado que a nivel mundial hoy solo el 1,2% de dicha superficie está protegida, situación que en Chile es distinta, puesto que nuestro país tiene más del 40% en categoría de reserva.
La decisión obligará a limitar las rutas marítimas, la explotación pesquera, la exploración y explotación de la minería submarina. Precisamente, las amenazas principales sobre los océanos derivan del tráfico marítimo, la sobrepesca y el cambio climático, variable esta última en cuya moderación las decisiones de gobiernos y personas inciden enormemente.
Un mar sobreexplotado y contaminado
El tráfico marítimo sigue dejando una huella impactante en las aguas oceánicas. En 2009, se calculó, por ejemplo, que el fondo marino albergaba cerca de 640 millones de kilos de redes de pesca abandonadas cuyo resultado es previsible: estudios realizados en peces del entorno de Rapa Nui han determinado que un 80% tiene microplásticos en su estómago.
Respecto del impacto de la acción humana sobre la fauna marina, las cifras tampoco son alentadoras: un 10% de las especies oceánicas están en peligro de extinción, mientras que en Chile 14 de 27 pesquerías (especies marinas que se explotan industrialmente) se encuentran en niveles de explotación no sostenible, según lo determinó el informe Sistemas alimentarios frente a la actual crisis climática: desafíos y recomendaciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas para Chile de noviembre pasado. A nivel mundial, el 35% de poblaciones de peces han sido explotados a niveles insostenibles.
La amenaza de colapso de algunos recursos marinos es una alarma severa, primero, por su importancia en la economía del país. Las estadísticas indican que Chile es el principal productor acuícola de América Latina y el Caribe, con un 40% de la producción total de la región, cerca de 500 millones de toneladas. Las secuelas de la acuicultura, en todo caso, golpean fuertemente al mar, debido a la contaminación por exceso de nutrientes, la introducción de especies exóticas en la acuicultura y el uso desmedido de antibióticos, siendo esto último relevante para la salud humana debido a la posible reacción adversa a los medicamentos.
Pero un océano en crisis de pesquerías industriales también desequilibrará la captura para consumo directo a la mesa, lo que es una seria amenaza para la expectativa de aporte de productos de ecosistemas marinos a la dieta de las personas. En Chile, se estima que el consumo per cápita anual de pescados y mariscos es de 13 kilos, muy lejos del promedio mundial de 20 kilos definido por la FAO. Es una brecha que, si se acorta, contribuirá a prevenir las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y el acceso a proteínas, al tiempo que disminuirá la presión que ejerce la producción de proteínas animales terrestres sobre el medio. Esto último, porque si los alimentos de origen animal tienen un impacto mayor en el ambiente en relación con los vegetales, la producción de alimentos asociados a fauna marina incide menos en el cambio climático y reduce las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
El desafío, entonces, es incrementar el uso eficiente de los recursos naturales en agricultura y pesca a gran escala y apuntar a un ordenamiento pesquero y del borde costero sistémico y con una dimensión inclusiva, considerando la gran participación de mujeres en actividades agrícolas y pesqueras; en esta última, representan casi la mitad de la fuerza laboral.
Los intereses económicos de siempre
Y, como siempre, la disputa con mayúsculas está en el ámbito económico. Porque la pelea mayor se da por los recursos genéticos marinos, que es el material biológico que procede de plantas y fauna marina con potencial de uso industrial, farmacéutico y alimentario. Hasta hoy, el acceso a estos recursos está en manos de los países ricos, mientras los pobres alzan la voz por tener similar opción.
Una opción que, en la práctica, levantan todas las naciones sobre una dimensión casi desconocida, pues sobre el mar la única gran certeza es que se conoce poco. Por ejemplo, hay especialistas que estiman el total de especies en los océanos en más de 2 millones, mientras que las conocidas solo alcanzan a las 230 mil. Nada más estimulante para las ansias de depredación de la especie más voraz del planeta: el ser humano.
Para conocer el informe Sistemas alimentarios frente a la actual crisis climática: desafíos y recomendaciones del Sistema de Naciones Unidas para Chile de noviembre de 2022: https://chile.un.org/es/212370-sistemas-alimentarios-frente-la-actual-crisis-clim%C3%A1tica-desaf%C3%ADos-y-recomendaciones-del
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