El conocido incidente en el que Gonzalo de la Carrera refuta a la diputada Claudia Mix por pedirle que le dijera presidenta se hizo viral en redes sociales. Desde entonces, muchos le dieron la razón al diputado del partido republicano. La lingüista, Ana María Díaz Collazos, argumenta por qué presidenta es correcto desde el punto de vista gramatical e histórico.
Ana María Díaz Collazos
En abril de 2022 se publicó un video en el que la diputada de comunes Claudia Mix pide ser llamada “presidenta”, y no “presidente” para visibilizar la inclusión de género. A esto, el diputado del partido republicano, Gonzalo de la Carrera, responde:
Quiero decirle, presidente, que el participio activo del verbo atacar es atacante, el de salir es saliente, el de cantar es cantante y el de existir es existente. ¿Cuál es el del verbo “ser”? Es “ente”. Que significa la identidad definitiva del que es. Por ello, cuando queremos nombrar a la persona que denota capacidad de ejercer la acción que expresa el verbo, se añade el término “ente”. Así que el que preside se llama “presidente”, nunca “presidenta”, independientemente del género masculino o femenino del que expresa la acción».
¿Y cómo le va a explicar esto a la Real Academia de la Lengua Española, que admite el uso de “presidenta” para indicar el género femenino? ¿Está equivocada la Real Academia, según el diputado? ¿Y cómo le va a decir a la princesa de Asturias, la infanta Leonor? ¿La “infante” Leonor? ¿Y le irá a salir con este “gallito” a la infanta, explicándole por qué debería ser “infante” y no “infanta”?
Como buen conservador, debería ser obediente a los dictámenes de la corona española y aceptar que se debe decir “presidenta”, como ordena la Academia. Ahora bien, no faltan los más papistas que el Papa que salen a ser más monarquistas y conservadores que la Academia. He visto a los que se plantan en seguir tildando “sólo” para decir “solamente”, aun cuando la misma Academia dijo que esta tilde no era obligatoria.
El sufijo «ente» viene del participio activo del latín «ns, ntis», en acusativo «ntem» (que pierde la «m»). Significa algo así como «el/la que hace». El hecho de tener «e» o «a» viene de la vocal del verbo: si es «estudiar» tenemos «a» en «ar» y por eso tenemos «estudiante», que significa «persona que estudia». Los verbos en «er» o «ir» hacen «ente», con «e», como «presidir», así que «presidente» es «persona que preside» o «docente» es «persona que enseña», de «docere» en latín «enseñar». “Infante” viene de “In-“ (negación) y “fari” (hablar), “persona que no habla” (INFANTE).
El diputado se equivoca al decir que se agrega la palabra “ente” para indicar el que realiza la acción. La palabra “ente” sí se deriva del participio activo de “ser”, pero se trata de la base léxica E- (=ser) a la que se le añade el participio activo -NTE. Por esta razón, decimos “cantante” y no “cantaente”, “estudiante” y no “estudiaente”.
Existe el participio activo y el participio pasivo. El participio pasivo complementa al verbo haber en “he”, “has”, “ha”, “hemos”, “han”: “¿Alguna vez has viajado en avión? No, nunca he viajado en avión”. El verbo “viajar” añade la terminación “do” para indicar participio pasivo, y se mantiene masculino cuando funciona como verbo. Una mujer nunca va a decir “Yo nunca he viajada en avión” y exigirlo por cuenta de la igualdad de género.
El participio pasivo solo varía según el género y número, generalmente con el verbo “estar”: “estoy cansado” o “estoy cansada”; “ya estamos listos” o “ya estamos listas”. Esto por cuando el verbo indica una transformación en el estado del individuo. Mejor dicho, el verbo se ha convertido en adjetivo y ha perdido su vocación verbal.
Entonces, si el participio pasivo se puede modificar en género y número, el participio activo debería tener la misma posibilidad. Sin embargo, todavía existe en español un remanente de la propiedad verbal de participio activo. Cuando permanece invariable, es porque se está usando como verbo, como por ejemplo: “El Gobierno saliente de Israel trata de bloquear el retorno de Netanyahu al poder”. En estos casos es como un intermedio entre el adjetivo y el verbo. En función de adjetivo, pues, no podría hacerse femenino porque está siendo técnicamente una conjugación verbal. De la misma manera que no puede decirse: “ella está salienda” o “ella no ha comida”.
El participio activo ha ido perdiendo su vocación verbal. Se quedó fosilizado en ciertas palabras como “estudiante” o “cantante”. Es como si se hubiera detenido en el tiempo en algunas palabras, mientras que en otras hubiera querido seguir su curso evolutivo y convertirse en sustantivo pleno. En estos casos, tendría que cambiar entre masculino y femenino. El caso de “presidenta” ha gozado de gran popularidad desde el siglo XV, en obras literarias de todos los tiempos. En la base de datos diacrónica se documentan 1977 casos en 1401 documentos.
No solo existe “presidenta”, sino, también, “sargenta” que se refería a la esposa del “sargento” o se usaba irónicamente para referirse a una mujer muy corpulenta y mandona. Y, por supuesto, existe la novela del español Leopoldo Alas y Ureña que se llama “La regenta”, publicada en 1885. La Real Academia esconde otras curiosidades como “gobernanta” (la encargada del servicio en un hotel), “tenienta”, “comandanta” y “asistenta”. Benito Pérez Galdós escribe “y aquí me tienes hecha una estudianta de Leyes, capaz de obtener buenas notas si de ello me examinara” en 1889, según el Corpus Diacrónico de la Real Academia Española. Y, por supuesto, dudo mucho que el diputado se enoje porque alguien diga “sirvienta” y “sirviente”, ambas formas bastante comunes en el participio activo.
Es notable que el femenino del participio activo prevalezca en formas referidas a cargos de poder, por dos razones: una por el uso sarcástico de palabras como “sargenta” y “estudianta”, donde no se busca visibilizar a la mujer, sino burlarse de sus aspiraciones sociales en contra de las expectativas asignadas a su género. Además, a veces, se usaba para designar a la esposa del hombre con el cargo asignado, como “tenienta”, “comandanta” o “sargenta”, un uso bastante antifeminista.
Palabras que, en su tradición, se usaban para denigrar a las mujeres en el mando, ahora están siendo reapropiadas por el feminismo y la izquierda para visibilizar a la mujer. Es una reivindicación en el lenguaje que se apoya en una tradición léxica de la palabra, que se escoge para formar el femenino. Por tanto, “presidenta” es la forma correcta por la amplia historia de uso que acompaña a esta palabra.
Vea el video del incidente en este link:
63 comentarios en “Sí es correcto decir “presidenta””
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