Por Carolina Miranda
O´Higgins tiene un grave problema de pérdida de biodiversidad y uso de su suelo porque la acción humana en nuestro territorio está dejando una huella de desertificación que avanza de norte a sur, hay despoblamiento de los campos y el alimento viene de otros lugares del país. ¡Que tontería que se compre en Santiago cuando nuestros campos saben dar! Pero la pérdida de identidad, la falta de oportunidades, los conflictos con la agroindustria, las parcelaciones, la falta de agua y ahora la avalancha de planteles fotovoltaicos ponen en riesgo cada vez más la seguridad alimentaria de nuestra región.
Estamos también en la amenaza constante del cambio climático que debemos entender está directamente relacionada con las posibilidades de generar alimento. Ya vimos cómo por las intensas lluvias, con un isoterma muy alta que significó torrentes de lluvia bajando desde la cordillera, quedó literalmente la embarrada sobre campos, canales de regadío e infraestructura agrícola de la agricultura familiar campesina. Falta de agua en verano y exceso en pocos episodios en invierno, reflejan un péndulo que se mueve demasiado y con rapidez de un extremo a otro. Estos episodios, si antes se podían dar cada 15 o más años, ahora serán parte de la nueva realidad a la que estamos sometidos a causa de nuestra acción.
Soluciones de carácter territorial
En el marco de este entendimiento, la Seremi de Agricultura de O’Higgins invitó a diferentes actores del mundo agrícola y ecológico para conformar la mesa agroecológica, instancia que organizó el seminario “Experiencias agroecológicas en la región de O´Higgins”, replicado en cada una de las tres provincias: el 21 de julio en San Fernando, el 27 de julio en Pichilemu y el próximo viernes 4 de agosto en San Vicente.
En estos seminarios se busca transferir conocimientos y experiencias y avanzar sosteniblemente en el desarrollo agroecológico para nuestro territorio. Los dos seminarios ya realizados han contado con una amplia participación de equipos técnicos y usuarios de los programas Prodesal y personas interesadas en aprender de agroecología.
En las exposiciones se ha visto la experiencia de proyectos de investigación y de campesinos, se ha contado con la valiosa participación de académicos de la Universidad de O´Higgins, profesionales de los servicios públicos como INIA, CONAF, FUCOA y el apoyo de empresas y organizaciones como la cooperativa Cals, Efecto Manada, Fundación Suelo y también el relato y transmisión de saberes de los mismos participantes del encuentro.
Suelo y su regeneración
En el ámbito de la gestión del suelo y las prácticas que se están desarrollando para su regeneración, todos los exponentes coincidieron en la situación compleja que estamos atravesando y en la urgencia de soluciones que ya están atrasadas.
Jorge Nuñez de Efecto Manada y Raúl Polanco, ganadero ovino de Pumanque, mostraron su experiencia en la regeneración de suelo a través de la ganadería regenerativa, obteniendo mayores pastizales que alimentan ovejas en un circuito cerrado nutriente-alimentos, dejando de lado los cultivos de forraje que tienen gran impacto ambiental y costo económico para el agricultor.
Acá nos demostraron que el simple hecho de seguir a la naturaleza, por ejemplo en la forma que se desplazan los piños de animales por la selva, replicado en un predio genera abundante abono que hace que los pastizales crezcan. Con esa práctica, se supera la densidad de disposición de alimento por hectáreas de forraje y una vez restablecida su funcionalidad ecosistémica, el pastizal natural puede llegar a producir 5.000 kilos de materia seca por hectárea. Un pastizal natural que ha sufrido sobrepastoreo no supera en muchos casos los 1.000 kilos por hectárea. El productor pumanquino quiere que su negocio prospere, para que sus hijos sean la cuarta generación cuidando esas tierras. Jorge, agrónomo de profesión, puso ojo observador en las características que miden la salud del suelo, su fertilidad y variables físicas que permiten que sus funciones ecosistémicas se den de manera adecuada.
En el seminario de Colchagua, Claudia Rojas, académica de la Universidad de O´Higgins, entregó una clase magistral sobre el “Rol del suelo en el ecosistema y restauración biológica”, invitando a la comprensión del suelo como un ser vivo. Explicó que los suelos albergan más del 25% de la biodiversidad del planeta, son capaces de absorber más CO2 que los árboles, son pilares de nuestra alimentación, proveen de productos farmacéuticos, mantención de la salud de los bosques, apoyan en el proceso de purificar agua, entre otras funciones muy relevantes. Narró experiencias de investigación junto a campesinos de Pumanque, donde el estudio de suelo arrojaba que a mayor biodiversidad de plantas aumentaba notoriamente la biodiversidad del suelo. Y se refirió a cómo la deforestación del bosque nativo, los incendios forestales y el sobreuso de agroquímicos, generan la muerte del suelo, dañando profundamente la estabilidad de los ecosistemas.
En mi contribución a estos seminarios, profundicé en la relación del agua y el suelo, explicando las etapas del ciclo del agua y que el 90% del agua que evapora del mar cae en el mismo mar. También señalé que, según el tipo de clima, latitud y otros factores de nuestro territorio, entre el 40 y 65% del agua lluvia caída es producto de la evapotranspiración de los cuerpos vegetales y el suelo. Es decir, con un buen suelo se genera una esponja natural que almacena agua, mayor humedad, mayor vegetación y más evapotranspiración. A partir de este conocimiento, desde el diseño del predio se puede hacer lo que se conoce como “siembra de agua” y el diseño hidrológico, que considera zanjas y acumuladores de agua, y siguiendo la pendiente del terreno se puede hacer que el agua discurra más lento, haciendo que infiltre a las napas subterráneas. Con este método, se pueden recargar pozos de agua y vertientes, direccionando en cada lluvia agua hacia ellos y a falta de pendientes o cerros, todos tenemos un techo para cosechar agua originada por la lluvia, la bruma, o la que se desecha después de lavarse las manos.
Uno de los momentos más bellos del seminario, fue cuando entre el representante de la Corporación Nacional forestal, CONAF y la Fundación de Comunicaciones, Capacitación y Cultura del Agro, FUCOA, ambas dependientes del Ministerio de Agricultura, entregaron árboles nativos a las y los campesinos que ya están realizando prácticas agroecológicas, y los invitaron a contar en sus propias palabras qué es lo que hacen, por qué y cómo, y compartir saberes. En sus relatos, aparecieron recetas de biopreparados, formas de incorporar coberturas y rastrojos para mulch de suelo, compatibilidad de plantas. Una oportunidad en la que reforzaron prácticas que ya desarrollan y conocieron múltiples técnicas orientadas a una producción cuidadosa del medio ambiente.
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Muy interesante ponencia porque se observa que lo que ocurre en suelo de esa region ,tambien ocurre en la quinta region .
Muy buen seminario,me gusto la clase magistral de Clsudia Rojas .Me gustaria poder compartir sus saberes en la quinta region
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