Por Adriana Bastías
Probablemente, estés leyendo esta nota desde tu teléfono celular, equipo que cada año se supera a sí mismo en tecnología y nos da más opciones de usarlo en diferentes tareas. Eso, porque es un minicomputador que está a nuestra disposición en forma masiva.
Y hoy les presentamos lo que para el mundo científico es un “supercomputador”, tecnología de punta que se instala en la región de O’Higgins, específicamente en la universidad regional estatal, la Universidad de O’Higgins (UOH). Pero ¿por qué lo llaman supercomputador? ¿Por qué es importante que esta tecnología se instale en esta casa de estudios? ¿Qué alcances podría tener su uso en el futuro para la región y Chile? Trataremos de resolver estas y más preguntas en esta nota que les invitamos a leer.
Desde el pasado 18 de julio, la Universidad de O’Higgins, UOH, cuenta con un Laboratorio de Computación de Alto Rendimiento, que alberga un supercomputador, que estará disponible para realizar distintas investigaciones en la región, generar colaboraciones y formar profesionales para el siglo XXI.
La inauguración contó con destacados científicos como los doctores Alejandro Maass, investigador del Centro de Modelamiento Matemático de la Universidad de Chile; Servet Martinez, Premio Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, y Rodrigo Gutiérrez, académico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica; la presencia de Sofía Valenzuela, Seremi del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación en la macrozona centro sur, el exsenador y vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la Fundación Desafíos de Futuro, Guido Girardi, y Pablo Gutiérrez, director del Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería.
El rector de la UOH, Rafael Correa, valoró los méritos del director del Laboratorio, Dr. Alex Di Genova, bioinformático de la Universidad de Talca y doctor en Ingeniería de Sistemas Complejos de la Universidad Diego Portales, con postdoctorados en el Instituto Nacional para la Investigación en Ciencia Digital y Tecnología (INRIA) y en la Agencia Internacional para Investigación sobre Cáncer (IARC), ambos ubicados en Lyon (Francia), académico de la UOH desde 2021. Sus actuales líneas de investigación son biología computacional y genómica del cáncer.
Di Genova se refirió a la capacidad del supercomputador para analizar datos, comparando el manejo de la información con una ola, y ante esa ola tenemos dos posibilidades o la surfeamos o nos ahogamos. Las redes sociales (Tik Tok, Instagram, Twitter, etc), plataformas como Youtube, y otras instancias más académicas como la astronomía, y las denominadas “ómicas” (ciencias que permiten estudiar una gran cantidad de moléculas, entre las que se encuentran la genómica, transcriptómica y metabólomica) entregan una gran cantidad de datos. Contar con esos datos, sin embargo, no significa disponer de información, y por eso se requiere infraestructura (computadores) y algoritmos (procedimientos computaciones que den una solución), softwares o programas, para que realmente se genere información.
Para ilustrar la velocidad de cambios y costos en las capacidades de los sistemas computacionales y operaciones científicas asociadas, consideremos el desarrollo de la secuenciación del genoma humano. El grupo de investigación de Di Genova construyó el primer genoma chileno completo, es decir la secuencia total del material genético (ADN) de un organismo, en este caso de una niña. La secuenciación de un genoma se hace por partes o fragmentos de ADN, así podemos entender a un genoma como un puzle de millones de piezas, que necesita algoritmos y programas computacionales que faciliten su correcto armado.
Pues bien, el costo de secuenciación de un genoma humano bajó desde 100 millones de dólares el año 2000, a 500 dólares actualmente y se anuncia que podría bajar incluso a 100 dólares. Este hecho, más las capacidades de cómputo y análisis de datos de supercomputadores como Kutral, se suman para pensar que la medicina de precisión está más cerca de lo que imaginamos, y también las opciones para que cada persona pueda, por ejemplo, conocer sus genes, sus variantes y mutaciones, con todos los dilemas éticos que ello implica.
En el encuentro, también se reflexionó sobre experiencias que no resultaron viables en el ámbito de la biominería y la agricultura, que se pensaron remecerían la industria chilena, expectativas que a comienzos de siglo también se habían depositado en la secuenciación del genoma humano.
Y ello tiene que ver con la distancia que hay entre la capacidad de analizar millones de datos y convertir esos datos en información valiosa, que beneficie a la sociedad chilena.
Un desafío que se instala en la región de O’Higgins con la puesta en marcha del supercomputador del Laboratorio de Computación de Alto Rendimiento.
El supercomputador de la UOH
La infraestructura de este laboratorio consiste en un cluster o grupo de computadores que, conectados a una red de alta velocidad, trabajan juntos como un equipo y pueden resolver tareas complejas, que nosotros conocemos en esta nota como el “supercomputador”. Y este “supercomputador” fue una donación del Laboratorio Nacional de Computación de Alto Rendimiento, cuyo director es Ginés Guerrero. En ese lugar lo habían bautizado como Levque (que significa relámpago en mapudungun), pero tras su llegada a Rancagua, fue rebautizado como Kutral (que significa fuego en mapudungun).
En términos técnicos, Levque era un equipo IBM iDataPlex del año 2011, compuesto por 66 servidores o nodos con un total de 528 núcleos de cómputo Intel Xeon y una conexión de 40 Gb/s. Puede que estas descripciones no le digan nada al leerlas, pero tal vez le haga más sentido saber que su capacidad equivale a unos dos mil computadores de escritorio y tuvo un costo de 2 millones de dólares. Si ya esto parece impresionante, agreguemos que Levque, para convertirse en Kutral fue mejorado, aumentando por ejemplo su memoria ram de 24 a 128 Gb y su disco de 8 a 196 Tb.
El supercomputador Kutral necesitaba ser instalado en una sala especial que contara con sistema de enfriamiento y capacidad eléctrica adecuadas. Los recursos para realizar estas mejoras provinieron de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID) y la UOH, a través de un proyecto Fondecyt regular, liderado por el Dr. Di Genova más un proyecto de inserción en la academia, sumando una inversión total de 75 millones de pesos. Actualmente Kutral está disponible utilizando 100% de software libres y tiene una capacidad de almacenamiento de 194 Tb equivalente a guardar 39 millones de canciones, lo que lo sitúa en el top 10 de supercomputadores disponibles actualmente en el país.
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