Marcela Sepúlveda, doctora en Arqueología, traza el horizonte de su disciplina: “rescatar, revalorizar, y contribuir a generar procesos de memoria e identidad que pueden ser muy significativos para muchas comunidades”.
Por Adriana Bastías
Cuando escuchamos hablar de momias, quizás nuestro primer pensamiento es para Egipto, las pirámides y los faraones. Pero, en Chile también existen momias, las momias Chinchorro, que son consideradas las más antiguas del mundo y que fueron declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco el año pasado.
La búsqueda y hallazgo de estos vestigios milenarios es tarea de l@s arqueólog@s quienes, desde mucho antes que emergieran películas como Indiana Jones, han despertado el interés y curiosidad de generaciones. En Chile existen personas que estudian y se dedican a la arqueología y en esta oportunidad quisimos conversar sobre arqueología en general, pero también sobre las momias Chinchorro y sus investigaciones actuales con Marcela Sepúlveda Retamal, arqueóloga de la Universidad de Chile, máster y doctora en Prehistoria, Etnología y Antropología de la Universidad de París I Panthéon-Sorbonne y la Universidad de la Sorbonne, respectivamente, en Francia. Fue académica de la Universidad de Tarapacá (2006-2019), y desde 2020 se desempeña como profesora asociada de la Escuela de Antropología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Desde 2016, ha sido investigadora asociada de la Unidad Mixta de Investigación Arqueología de las Américas (UMR 8096) del Centro Nacional para la Investigación Científica (CNRS) y la Universidad de París I Panthéon-Sorbonne, que agrupa a investigadores y profesores en forma multidisciplinaria de distintas instituciones relacionadas con el estudio de la arqueología y la prehistoria de América desde Alaska hasta Tierra del Fuego. Además, dentro de las distinciones y premios que ha recibido por su productividad científica está el reconocimiento como una de las 100 Mujeres Líderes del 2018 en Chile.
¿Cómo llegaste a ser arqueóloga?
Quise ser arqueóloga desde los 7-8 años, básicamente porque tuve papás que me incentivaron siempre hacia la lectura, la historia, a visitar sitios arqueológicos e históricos. Eso, en el exilio, porque mis papás fueron exiliados en Francia, donde yo nací y viví hasta 1991, cuando a los 15 años llegué por primera vez a Chile. Con estos cambios de vida y de país me perdí en términos de orientación profesional y quise ser muchas cosas hasta que después de dos años y medio en Chile, me reencontré con lo que siempre había querido.
¿Por qué las momias Chinchorro fueron declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 2021?
El expediente tardó un poco más de 10 años en gestarse y un trabajo orientado por muchas instituciones, Unesco, y los propios investigadores de la Universidad de Tarapacá apoyados por instituciones como el Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, la Cancillería, el Servicio de Patrimonio Cultural entre otros. En el fondo, ese expediente no sustenta a las momias Chinchorro como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, sino a los sitios de la tradición cultural chinchorro porque finalmente la Unesco declara sitios y monumentos, y no procesos de momificación, tradiciones culturales y otros en términos materiales. Entonces, esta declaratoria lo que buscó fue proteger efectivamente a la tradición cultural Chinchorro, conocida más por su proceso y técnicas de momificación artificial e intencional que las convierten en las momias más antiguas del mundo. No son cuerpos que se momifican naturalmente, sino que hay un trabajo y todo un proceso, técnicas y saberes aplicados a estas momias. Se trabajó en base a diferentes sitios que aún permanecen intactos y que deben ser protegidos, para lo cual requirieron de planes de manejo, de gestión en coordinación no solamente con la Universidad de Tarapacá sino con los municipios, organizaciones locales y las comunidades vivas actuales que finalmente son garantes y deben contribuir a la preservación de estos bienes. En la declaratoria se engloba también todo lo que ya existe, las momias y sus ajuares que están depositados en el museo San Miguel de Azapa en Arica, en otro museo de sitio llamado Colon 10 y otros restos que pudieran estar asociados a esta tradición cultural.
¿Cómo se relaciona su investigación con las momias chinchorro?
Como académica de la Universidad de Tarapacá, me encontré con colegas expertos que trabajan con esta tradición cultural desde hace muchas décadas, quienes me invitaron a abordar algunos aspectos particulares de la técnica de momificación. Puntualmente, apoyé en comprender y analizar las técnicas de momificación y el uso de materiales colorantes, pigmentos, su naturaleza, su preparación y su proveniencia para entender no solamente cuales eran parte de los materiales sino de los saberes relacionados con estos materiales de colores que se utilizan en estas momias. Cuando empezamos a estudiar esto, nos dimos cuenta de muchas cosas que participan de la técnica de momificación: se mantiene el esqueleto, se estructura el esqueleto con algunos maderos, en algunos casos se preserva la piel, en otros no; en algunos se modela con arcilla entorno a estas estructuras óseas; en otras se mantiene la piel y se rellenan, son un poquito más voluminosos los cuerpos momificados. Hay una gran diversidad de formas de preparar estos cuerpos y nos dimos cuenta de que había un tema con la piel particularmente que sufría procesos de degradación bastante importantes en ciertos casos, producto de cambios en las condiciones ambientales en las cuales se resguardan, pero también por la exposición de estos cuerpos en los sitios arqueológicos. Lo que veíamos era que cuando se expone un cuerpo, cuando se excava muy rápidamente, en ciertos casos la piel se empieza a degradar, se pone de una textura viscosa, pero muy dura. Nos dimos cuenta, básicamente con una colaboración con colegas de Harvard de microbiología, que había un conjunto de bacterias y hongos mezclados que, frente a condiciones de humedad incrementadas, se nutrían de algunas porciones de la piel, degradando el colágeno. De colaborar inicialmente sobre materiales colorantes, fui ampliando mi trabajo a entender otros materiales y partes constitutivas de estos cuerpos momificados.
¿Hay lugares en Chile en que se han encontrado más restos arqueológicos interesantes para realizar investigación?
La verdad es que la arqueología hoy es una disciplina que se practica e investiga en muchas regiones del país, desde Arica e incluso más al norte del valle de Lluta, en la frontera tanto hacia la costa, como los valles o en tierras altas como las localidades altiplánicas como Putre, Visviri y otras. Y desde esas regiones hasta Tierra del Fuego. Hoy en día hay varias formas de hacer arqueología: está la investigación financiada por la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) y los Fondos Nacionales de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), entre otros, y luego están los proyectos de estudio de impacto ambiental que, desde la ley de medio ambiente de 1994, incorporan el componente arqueológico (NdlR: se refiere a la obligación de las empresas de incorporar estas evaluaciones cuando en su labor realizan hallazgos arqueológicos). Y la verdad es que es ahí, donde trabaja quizás el 80-90% de los arqueólogos y arqueólogas egresadas en las distintas universidades del país. Hay muchos descubrimientos que se realizan cada día y hay equipos trabajando en centros de investigación, universidades, pero también de forma independiente. Hay muchas personas que buscan apoyo en fondos internacionales o a través de Fondo del Patrimonio Cultural (FONPAT) que son recursos menores al tipo Fondecyt-ANID, y que igual desarrollan investigación en diferentes regiones y sobre distintas temáticas.
¿De qué trata su actual investigación en el desierto de Atacama?
Aborda un tema que hasta ahora ha sido poco conocido y poco investigado, que surgió a raíz de las investigaciones que venía desarrollando previamente sobre el arte prehispánico, el arte rupestre pintado hace 6 mil años o antes que tenemos en muchos sitios del norte de Chile. Es una tradición pictórica que se mantiene a través del tiempo y luego se combina con otros saberes y técnicas hasta la época colonial. La pregunta que siempre nos hacíamos es, bueno, tenemos entendido cuáles son los pigmentos, cómo los preparan, cómo los aplican pero no sabemos muy bien de dónde vienen y qué técnica y tecnologías específicas se utilizan para extraer y explotar las vetas minerales, y cómo se traslada o transportan. Nos preguntamos también qué implicancia tiene todo ese proceso de extracción y explotación en las comunidades que explotaban esos minerales y cómo pudo intervenir en ciertas formas de interacción e intercambios que se gestaron entre diferentes poblaciones y tradiciones prehispánicas, en particular en un segmento temporal de 1000 a 1450 DC.
¿Cómo se pueden relacionar los pigmentos con la minería prehispánica?
Particularmente, la investigación está enfocada en sitios de extracción minera de pigmentos, y la verdad tenemos muy pocos precedentes sobre este tipo de sitios en toda el área andina. Ocurre con nuestros yacimientos que muchas veces fueron explotados continuamente por miles de años y algunos incluso en tiempos recientes, entonces la minería actual se ha sobrepuesto y nos impide muchas veces entender estos procesos previos, porque finalmente lo que vemos es la imagen final en estos sitios. El énfasis minero que aún tiene el norte de Chile y en particular, la región de Antofagasta, ha hecho que hayamos perdido mucha información acerca de estas tradiciones mineras pasadas. Ahora, hemos tenido la oportunidad primero de descubrir yacimientos mineros que están intactos todavía, muy bien preservados, que nos están permitiendo caracterizar la antigüedad de estos procesos mineros y las formas de organización de las prácticas mineras, a entender quiénes eran, de dónde venían, qué hacían cuándo estaban trabajando en la mina, qué comían, cuánto tiempo permanecían, hacia dónde iba lo que se extraía, para qué se utilizaba, son una serie de preguntas que están insertas en los objetivos de la investigación. Es un tema muy interesante cuando queremos entender y reflexionar sobre los procesos extractivistas actuales que tienen una raíz profunda. Hay una tradición minera milenaria, que estaba muy enfocada hacia el aspecto minero metalúrgico, principalmente del cobre, pero nos estamos dando cuenta de que se extraían y explotaban una gran cantidad de minerales distintos para diferentes funciones y usos desde pintar cerámicas, calafatear balsas por las tradiciones costeras del norte chileno. Por ejemplo, las comunidades del pueblo Chango que hasta hace poco calafateaban 4 veces al año con óxido de hierro mezclado con otros elementos y que requiere una explotación continua e intensa de estos minerales.
¿Actualmente, a qué peligros se enfrentan estos sitios arqueológicos?
Son muchos aspectos los que se conjugan y estamos contra el tiempo porque vemos en el entorno las mineras actuales, amenazando estos yacimientos arqueológicos. Queremos rescatar y preservar la mayor cantidad de información posible a falta de poder preservar los yacimientos. Sabemos que lo que nosotros podamos indicar como significativo e importante de preservar no siempre va de la mano del desarrollo, sabemos que es un tema transversal para muchas disciplinas. Este tema en particular, así como otros sitios arqueológicos también están constantemente amenazados.
¿Qué consejo dejaría a quienes se interesan por estudiar arqueología?
Quizás atreverse, todavía, porque la arqueología es aún poco conocida en Chile, y muchas veces los papás se aterran un poco cuando uno les dice que quiere estudiar arqueología. Hoy el campo profesional se ha expandido tras la promulgación de la ley de medio ambiente, lo que ha significado el desarrollo de los estudios de impacto ambiental. Hace dos décadas entrábamos a estudiar pensando en solo ser investigadores, pero hoy día estando los estudios de impacto ambiental y el desarrollo en el ámbito patrimonial y de museos, muchas y muchos arqueólogos han podido encontrar espacios de trabajo y realizar sus investigaciones. (Es un desarrollo de la profesión) mucho más cercano a las comunidades locales, rurales, regionales con un gran trabajo que se hace cotidianamente, que no se conoce ni se valoriza tanto aún, pero que tiene una gran relevancia cuando hablamos de comunidades que están buscando conocer sus raíces, su ancestralidad, cómo era antes vivir en el desierto, en zonas de ríos, de lagos, ambientes fríos, en zonas extremas. Podemos aportar un montón de información desde investigaciones participativas donde las comunidades pueden también, con sus voces, entregar información. Son ámbitos de investigación tan significativos hoy, pero que nos olvidamos que tienen un sustrato a veces muy antiguo y la arqueología puede con sus investigaciones aportar a rescatar, revalorizar, contribuir a generar procesos de memoria para muchas comunidades.
Hoy día hay muchas más posibilidades de hacer arqueología, ya no hay solo una universidad como en el tiempo en que yo estudie, sino hay siete universidades que imparten la carrera, lo cual indica cómo ha aumentado la oferta laboral en nuestra disciplina. Lo que falta creo yo es desarrollar más proyectos de divulgación y de comunicación de la ciencia, porque no logramos permear y llegar a todas y todos como para entender que también podemos aportar a valorizar el pasado y creo que para proyectar un futuro desde el presente también es importante conocernos más desde nuestras raíces.
151 comentarios en “Marcela Sepúlveda, arqueóloga en Atacama: tras la pista de momias y minas precolombinas”
Hi, all is going nicely here and ofcourse every one is sharing facts, that’s really excellent, keep up writing.
Felicitaciones Marcela eres un gran aporte y seca en tu materia . Un abrazo
Felicitaciones
Me enorgullece ver lo completa y profesional q eres en tu trabajo.
Te encanta y eso se ha notado en tu trayectoria, como han avanzado y realizado cada proyecto q te ponen en desafío.
Realmente eres seca.
Un orgullo haberla conocido Profe… Su convicción y compromiso con la ciencia, es algo que siempre he admirado de su trabajo… Un Abrazo Amiga.
Cada día que pasa me muestra tu gran capacidad , en conocimientos y todo tu empuje en tu trabajo, eres el orgullo de Vicente, Benjamín , tus padres , hermanos y amigos.Te queremos.
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