Una historia invisibilizada: la persecución de la dictadura al pueblo mapuche

Frente al cementerio de Temuco, un memorial perpetua el recuerdo de las más de 200 víctimas de la brutal represión contra el pueblo mapuche, desatada en los días posteriores al golpe militar de 1973.

Edison Ortiz

La batalla de Quechereguas – o “emboscada”, según la versión oficial – que da cuenta de un triunfo mapuche

El proceso de reforma agraria que se vivió en el norte y centro del país no tuvo la misma connotación y sentido en la parte sur de la región del Biobío y, en especial, en la región de La Araucanía. Prueba de ello son los 159 detenidos y ejecutados políticos pertenecientes al pueblo mapuche, de lo que guarda testimonio el memorial que está frente al cementerio de Temuco, que rinde homenaje a 203 víctimas, entre ellas muchas del listado anterior.

Y es que en La Frontera el proceso de reforma más que entrega de tierras condujo a “la recuperación de la tierra ancestral”, quitada con trampas y artilugios legales a los mapuches propietarios de mercedes de tierra en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y parte del XX.

Diversos textos y relatos dan cuenta del activismo político, en especial del Movimiento Revolucionario Campesino (MRC) formado principalmente por estudiantes de la Universidad de Concepción y de la Universidad de Chile, sede Temuco, que abandonaron todo para contribuir al proceso de reforma agraria en la zona. Se hicieron famosas “las recuperaciones de tierra», las «corridas de cerco” y la organización sindical del pueblo mapuche alentada desde el gobierno de Allende e implementada y apoyada por organizaciones como el Movimiento Campesino Popular, el PC, PS y hasta la fracción chilena del PC inspirada en el PC chino.

Fue un tiempo sin descanso, sus protagonistas dormían donde podían, trabajando de noche y educando al pueblo mapuche de día. La intensidad del movimiento llevó incluso al gobierno de la Unidad Popular a instalar el ministerio de Agricultura, encabezado por Jacques Chonchol en Temuco, para responder más ágilmente a la enorme demanda por recuperación de tierras.

La respuesta de los latifundistas y hacendados de la zona no fue menor: pulularon grupos paramilitares apoyados por militares y carabineros.

Si bien el 11 no se vivió con la instantaneidad que se observó en Santiago, la verdad es que fue mucho más cruel que en la capital. Fusilamientos masivos en Lautaro, Nehuentue, Villarrica, Cunco, Curarrehue, Galvarino, Entre Lagos, Liquiñe, Freire/Pitrufquen, Puerto Saavedra, Santa Bárbara dan cuenta de la brutalidad del régimen militar y el ensañamiento contra el pueblo mapuche. El corolario de la sangrienta arremetida muy posiblemente pone a la ciudad de  Lautaro, compitiendo con Paine en el triste récord por la cantidad de ejecutados y detenidos desaparecidos versus sus habitantes. Seguramente, lo que hoy conocemos como la región de La Araucanía sea la zona con más muertos como consecuencia del golpe de estado en relación a la población de la época.

En tamaña tragedia se conjugan varios elementos, partiendo por los recursos puestos a disposición por los antiguos patrones, que no solo facilitan vehículos para el traslado de presos, sino que participan directamente en su ejecución y acribillamiento. A ellos se suman fuerzas militares y en especial carabineros, que evidencian con su actuar un prejuicio cultural histórico respecto de los descendientes del pueblo mapuche. Puentes y ríos fueron los espacios privilegiados para llevar a cabo la matanza.

El museo de la memoria Mapuche

Hernán Curiñir, sobreviviente del golpe y fundador del Memorial nos relata su creación y sentido.

Llegamos temprano el viernes 9 de diciembre a la isla del río Curacautín conducidos por Nelson Curiñir, hijo de Hernán, hasta el memorial que recuerda a su tío de igual nombre, detenido desaparecido. Allí se respira tranquilidad y serenidad. Lo conocemos, lo recorremos, nos relatan cómo se ha ido construyendo, se quejan de la falta de apoyo público a este testimonio de rescate de la memoria mapuche en torno a la tragedia. 

Son 159 nombres que sobreviven simbólicamente en las placas, todos ejecutados políticos y detenidos desaparecidos pertenecientes al pueblo mapuche. Entre ellos, el hermano de Hernán, a quien dejó de ver, según palabras propias, el mismo día 11: ”me encontraba con mi hermano Nelson, y escuchábamos la radio”. Su pariente directo le manifestó a Hernán “ahora vamos a ver quién es quién”. Desde entonces “se submarineó” y “fue la última vez que lo vi con vida, desde entonces es detenido desaparecido”, relata el sobreviviente.

El fundador del museo memorial señala que el lugar se inspiró en “los 159 detenidos desaparecidos y ejecutados políticos mapuche. Asumo lo que mi hermano habría hecho si hubiese ocurrido al revés. Es un proyecto incipiente en este territorio y da cuenta de la violencia política del régimen militar hacia nuestro pueblo” Al ingresar al parque lo primero que se ve es el cuel, túmulo mapuche que simboliza el sentido funerario del emplazamiento, construido con piedras traídas desde distintos puntos, así como flores y otros objetos. Es un sitio de oración ritual y de solemnidad a cuyo costado se ubican las placas que rememoran a las 159 víctimas.

El cuel y el árbol que ha visto pasar la historia de Chile

Luego visitamos  las chemamüll, o estatuas mapuches de madera con cuatro figuras: un hombre y una mujer en edad fértil y dos abuelos, hembra y hombre que representan la sabiduría, el pasado, el origen de las personas. Hay un árbol de más de 400 años que es testigo de la conquista española, de la ocupación chilena de la tierra de ese pueblo ancestral y en cuyas entrañas algún día se podrá ver todo ese pasado.

El chemamüll del Memorial

Eso sí, como el proyecto recién está en implementación, y aun carente de más apoyo público, faltan espacios por rellenar como la sala dedicada a la innovación y cultura mapuche con perspectiva de futuro. Con todo ello, más paneles interpretativos, la sala contemporánea, las pasarelas para personas con movilidad reducida y relatos que cuenten la historia del lugar, se completará un hito de la memoria mapuche, pueblo que sumó en 1973 otro golpe brutal.

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256 comentarios en “Una historia invisibilizada: la persecución de la dictadura al pueblo mapuche”

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