Violencia en las escuelas: La crisis del sistema escolar

Tras la pandemia, no volveremos a la normalidad, por lo menos no a la que había hasta 2019. La escuela tampoco. Buscará espacios de resignificación, de adecuación a un mundo cada vez más cambiante y, en ese sentido, el estallido social y la pandemia han comenzado a transformar a la escuela para siempre. Ella hoy enfrenta nuevos desafíos: clases híbridas para siempre, violencia desmedida, crisis de la autoridad y de la vida comunitaria. Dependerá de cómo los enfrente y aborde la capacidad para seguir siendo la institución disciplinaria y de normalización por excelencia. O morirá en ese intento.

Edison Ortiz

El estudiante del liceo de Santa Cruz que se suicido sin que, aparentemente, hubiese motivos que expliquen tamaña tragedia, dejó un mensaje claro: lo hizo en el patio del establecimiento, un espacio abierto donde todos lo verían. Lo que puede interpretarse, según algunos, como la pulsión a hacerlo en un recinto seguro y el liceo, en ese caso, cumplía con la condición. Hizo de su propia muerte una verdadera representación teatral con un epílogo dramático.

Ese hecho gatilló un giro en 180° grados en la política de priorizar la recuperación de aprendizajes y darle mayor importancia a la convivencia escolar y, en paralelo, significó un cambio abrupto en “la normalización” emprendida con el retorno presencial, abriendo espacios y ampliando los plazos para la flexibilización de la jornada escolar en las comunidades educativas. El mismo día en que se realizaban los sepelios del estudiante, el actual ministro de Educación, Marco Ávila, hizo pública la solicitud para suspender el Simce como señal visible del giro copernicano que se daría.

Como diría Don Quijote, en un liceo colchagüino de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, días después se producía la siguiente anécdota: se encontraron dos estudiantes que se disputaban amorosamente a la misma adolescente. El asunto tocó fondo cuando “el engañado” se dio cuenta que el “patas negras” ofreció un jugo en caja a la alumna en cuestión durante un recreo. Llegaron a las manos, y tuvo que intervenir el equipo directivo del liceo. La directora, en este caso, trasladó al engañado a su oficina para que calmara su ira. Relata que mientras lo sentó en uno de los sillones de su oficina, intentando apaciguarlo, el afectado erguía sus brazos hacia atrás y gritaba: “es que solo quiero un remember con la Patricia”.

La escuela como espacio de violencia y poder

Varios directores coinciden en que la pandemia tuvo otros efectos, aparte del retraso en los aprendizajes (“a algunos se les han olvidado hasta las operaciones básicas”), sobre los estudiantes como alumn@s más introvertidos en los primeros niveles de enseñanza, niñ@s con crisis de pánico, a los cuales les horrorizan los recreos y el tener que socializar con otros. En tanto, en los de niveles superiores (7° y 8°) los estudiantes retornaron más desafiantes y atrevidos: “se ofuscan con mucha facilidad. Se molestan por que los miran demasiado, y sienten que los docentes no consideran sus opiniones”, lo que ha llevado a algunos profesores a adjetivarlos como: “la nueva generación de los niñ@s de cristal”.

Algunos docentes y miembros de equipos directivos sostienen que: “hay mucho estudiante con tratamiento psicológico y psiquiátrico”. Otros niñ@s fueron objeto o testigos de violencia intrafamiliar mientras estuvieron encerrados, y hay casos de estudiantes que durante la pandemia fueron “echados, literalmente, de sus casas” por sus hermanos mayores o tutores.

En enseñanza media, en tanto, comentan que los estudiantes volvieron: “pasados de revoluciones”, más violentos y con depresión. Un encargado de convivencia relata que en su establecimiento hay una niña que ha intentado  suicidarse dos veces con clonazepam. En tanto, otro director comenta el caso de un estudiante que luego de la pandemia tiene explosiones de ira incontrolables: “Araneda ahora es exorcista. Se echa para atrás como una araña”, recalca.

Una docente indica que los estudiantes “volvieron más flaites”, con un uso inadecuado de la jerga coa y narco, mal vestidos, mostrando y haciendo evidente el color de su ropa interior. También, se ha intensificado, el aumento del uso de drogas nuevas, así como el uso de medicamentos que ha tenido una explosión sideral, relata una jefa técnica de un liceo tradicional, a quien le correspondió auxiliar a una adolescente que estuvo a punto de morir por una sobredosis en plena escuela, y quien era abastecida de medicamentos por su propia madre.

Se ha hecho muy evidente el sobreuso de redes sociales para todo: peleas, oferta de drogas, bullying, encuentros, etc. Un docente sostiene que: “ya no tiene ninguna privacidad, todo lo suben a las redes. Se graban a cada rato. No hay límite entre lo virtual y lo real”. Un profesor de historia sostiene que: “la pandemia hizo efectivo el metaverso”, ya no diferencian lo real de lo virtual. Viven en mundos paralelos”.

Ese mismo docente sostiene que se ha hecho realidad “la sociedad líquida” de Bauman, donde abunda la incertidumbre por la vertiginosa rapidez de los cambios, cuya consecuencia ha sido el debilitamiento de los vínculos humanos y comunitarios.

Durante la pandemia, el Estado y las instituciones abandonaron a los más vulnerables, y se hizo más evidente la ausencia de socialización de la escuela como la institución disciplinaria por antonomasia, en términos “foucaultianos”, y ese espacio lo ocupó el teléfono móvil, las redes sociales e internet y cuando se volvió a clases se hizo evidente la colonización de la escuela por la subcultura narco. Al respecto, un jefe técnico señala que: “los sectores populares son dominados hoy por esta subcultura y eso se expresa muy bien en la escuela”. Son los jóvenes provenientes de ese mundo, los “que arman los ataos en el liceo”, pero no se involucran directamente, sino que “hacen pelear a otros”, y estos son generalmente adolescentes provenientes del mundo rural quienes, por la cultura patriarcal de la que provienen, son los primeros que se involucran en peleas y disputas.

En ambas subculturas, sostiene un orientador, el “poder es la violencia”, cobrando absoluta vigencia la microfísica del poder de Foucault. Según muchos, la escuela, y las instituciones que la sostienen, está llegando tarde a todo en el mundo popular y ello ha sido más notorio durante la pandemia. Por ejemplo, hubo que esperar peleas y muertes de estudiantes para que: “se flexibilizara la jornada escolar”, cuando apenas una semana de clases ya eran notorios los problemas de convivencia que se estaban inoculando en los colegios. De hecho, reiteran varios miembros de equipos directivos que: “la flexibilización ha rebajado los niveles de violencia que se observaban en marzo” y que el Mineduc la ha extendido hasta mayo y que seguramente se ampliará.

Los encargados de convivencia valoran, además, las jornadas diseñadas por el Mineduc, ya que: “han permitido conversar, consensuar acciones entre distintos actores de la escuela” y volver a reconocerse como parte de una misma comunidad ya que, indican: “la pandemia hizo posible la pérdida del sentido de pertenencia”.

En las conversaciones, a veces, se sostiene, una leve crítica al actuar de algunos docentes que es explicable, debido a la violencia de los estudiantes. Se critica que: “algunos profes se desentienden de las dificultades que están sucediendo en la sala de clases y a veces con razón. Fíjate que el otro día entre cuatro personas, incluido dos carabineros, pudieron recién reducir a un estudiante. Imagínate qué hago yo, solo en la clase si se arma una pelea, puedo terminar hasta herido como ya ha ocurrido con algunos docentes”.   

En la región metropolitana, la cosa es peor. Un docente relata que, en su liceo, en Colchagua, las peleas están a la orden del día. Pero que, a raíz de ello, conversó con un estudiante que reside en Puente Negro, y que llegó proveniente de una comuna metropolitana. Este le dijo lo siguiente: “en San Bernardo la cosa está brígida, por eso nos vinimos para acá y que este liceo, profe, es una taza de leche en relación con la que ocurre en Santiago”.

Epílogo: la escuela como metaverso o el principio de su fin

Ya no volveremos a la normalidad, por lo menos no a la que había hasta 2019. La escuela tampoco. Buscará espacios de resignificación, de adecuación a un mundo cada vez más cambiante y, en ese sentido, el estallido social y la pandemia han comenzado a transformar a la escuela para siempre. Ella hoy enfrenta nuevos desafíos: clases híbridas para siempre, violencia desmedida, crisis de la autoridad y de la vida comunitaria. Dependerá de cómo los enfrente y aborde la capacidad para seguir siendo la institución disciplinaria y de normalización por excelencia. O morirá en ese intento.

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