Hay hechos y expresiones que, teniendo como protagonistas a actores políticos y sociales, reflejan un clima de crispación y violencia que puede ser el anuncio de episodios convulsos. Su origen está en la falta total de comprensión y conexión de la élite con la realidad. Sucedió en el tiempo previo a octubre de 2019 y hoy, se observan también señas inquietantes.
Por Edison Ortiz
La violencia política ha sido una característica a lo largo de toda nuestra historia: a la asonada popular le sigue luego un golpe autoritario, en una dinámica que se repite regularmente. Es una realidad que ha marcado a fuego nuestras políticas públicas y se ha extendido al lenguaje discursivo. En el escenario pre estallido social, por ejemplo, que estuvo caracterizado por ese lenguaje de violencia simbólica, desempeñaron un rol relevante las autoridades de gobierno quienes, a fuerza de desatinos, agotaron la paciencia hasta rebasar el vaso del estoicismo del chileno/a promedio.
He aquí un breve resumen de la cantidad de desaguisados que fueron exacerbando los ánimos de la ciudadanía.
Sobre cómo incendiar la pradera
El 30 de julio de 2019, Marcelo Soto, abogado laboralista y subsecretario del trabajo en la primera administración de Piñera, en una entrevista en CNN Chile sobre la reducción de la jornada laboral de 45 a 40 horas relativizó la propuesta: “si hoy día traemos a un joven acá recién recibido de alguna universidad, él podría decir ‘yo con la juventud, con las ganas que tengo de salir adelante, 40 horas es poco”.
El 7 de octubre, el ministro de Economía, Juan Andrés Fontaine llamó a l@s trabajador@s a aprovechar los horarios de tarifas bajas del metro de Santiago, es decir, antes de las 7 de la mañana y después de las 23, una sugerencia cruel para quienes cada día emplean casi 12 horas de su tiempo útil en la jornada laboral. La diputada Maya Fernández fue lapidaria: “lo suyo no sólo es carencia brutal de empatía, es también muestra de una total desconexión con la vida de miles de chilenos y chilenas”.
Ese mismo día, los estudiantes secundarios iniciaron las evasiones masivas al transporte público capitalino, afectando a la red Metro en diferentes comunas.
El 8 de octubre, fue el turno del presidente de la República, Sebastián Piñera. En el matinal de Mega despachó su visión de país que diez días más tarde se estrellaría de cara con la realidad: “en medio de esta América Latina convulsionada veamos a Chile, nuestro país, es un verdadero oasis, con una democracia estable”.
El ministro de Hacienda, Felipe Larraín, aportó un nuevo cogollo al desastre comunicacional cuando daba a conocer el Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC) de septiembre. En relación con algunas alzas de precios, dio un aviso “a los románticos que han caído las flores, … así que los que quieran regalar flores en este mes, las flores han caído un 3,7%”. Esta vez fue el diputado Renato Garín quien reflejó la rabia masiva: “cuando leí esto pensé que era una cuenta parodia… Para los #TiemposMejores las flores son más importantes que el transporte, los alimentos y la electricidad. Una burla a la ciudadanía”. Más tarde, el jefe de la cartera de Hacienda porfió: lo mal interpretaron los carentes de humor y “yo trataré de continuar manteniendo el humor porque el humor es muy importante en la vida”.
Sólo tres días antes del estallido y cuando las evasiones masivas en el metro ya se habían tomado la agenda, el 15 de octubre, la ministra de Transporte, Gloria Hutt, se declaraba sorprendida. “Me cuesta entender que, cuando hay evidencia de un esfuerzo tan grande por mejorar el sistema de transporte público, se atente contra él, más aún en el caso de los escolares que no tienen un argumento” puesto que en su tarifa “no tuvieron ninguna modificación”. El mismo menosprecio con que se calificó los movimientos estudiantiles de los años 2006 y 2011.
Al día siguiente, 16 de octubre, el ex presidente del directorio de Metro Santiago S.A. Clemente Pérez, en el noticiero 24 horas acuñó una frase que se transformó en ícono del estallido: “cabros, esto no prendió. No son más choros, no se han ganado el apoyo de la población”.
En las 48 horas previas a la explosión aún hubo voceros del discurso oficial, incluyendo el presidente, agregando los últimos leños a la hoguera a punto de estallar.
El 17 de octubre, Juan Enrique Coeymans, presidente del Panel de Expertos del Transporte Público, dijo a La Tercera “los estudiantes están alegando y resulta que su tarifa no varió ni un peso… Es muy curioso todo esto: yo creo que en esto hay un manejo político”. Alumbró su afirmación con una inquietud: ¿por qué no reclaman cuando suben los tomates y el pan?
El mismo día, en horas de la tarde, la vocera de Gobierno Cecilia Pérez se sumó a la condena mediática a las evasiones masivas. “No corresponde la violencia, no corresponde la delincuencia, no corresponde no cumplir la ley, y no corresponde destruir el transporte público de nuestro país… Porque eso es lo que son (delincuentes) cuando agreden a guardias indefensos, cuando destruyen el metro y cuando golpean a pasajeros que lo único que quieren es llegar a sus trabajos o a sus hogares”.
Horas más tarde, el subsecretario del Interior, Rodrigo Ubilla amenazó con querellas, más presencia policial en el Metro y con quitar los beneficios de rebaja en el valor del transporte público a los estudiantes involucrados. “No sólo evaden, sino que son verdaderas bandas, hordas, llegan a lugares y generan escenarios de violencia… es una delincuencia pura y clara».
En la vereda contigua, algunos actores de oposición también se manifestaban. El senador socialista José Miguel Insulza, señaló el mismo 18 de octubre, a las 08:00 horas, en entrevista con Radio Duna que consideraba necesario buscar las formas de sancionar esas inconductas, reforzar la vigilancia del sistema de transporte y reprimir con energía el intento de saltarse los torniquetes.
Ese día continuaron los desaguisados que concluyeron colmando la paciencia de los chilenos. Andrés Chadwick, ministro del Interior y primo del presidente de la República, reafirmó la solución policial “dada la seriedad y la gravedad” de los hechos.
A las 15 horas, un comunicado del Metro puso la gota que desbordó el vaso, anunciando la suspensión de líneas, lo que dejó sin servicio de regreso a casa a millones de chilenos mientras el presidente subía a sus redes una fotografía, celebrando el cumpleaños de uno de sus nietos en una pizzería. Se iniciaba la protesta generalizada mientras la autoridad mantenía la medida de suspensión del servicio para todo el fin de semana. La hoguera acababa de encenderse.
Octubre 2021, violencia simbólica 2.0
Durante estos últimos meses, en especial desde que se eligió la Convención Constitucional ha habido mucha violencia de este orden. Reseñamos algunos de los hechos más relevantes.
El día de la instalación del organismo, Teresa Marinovic –quien con Marcela Cubillos han tenido una resonancia mediática muy por sobre lo que representan–, señaló ese día a Canal 13 que “somos un grupo importante, y si no los somos en términos de votos, vamos a buscar otra manera” porque “… hay muchas maneras de influir en la vida”.
Un poco antes, el martes posterior a la elección de constituyentes, Emol publicaba un texto del historiador, ex UDI, Gonzalo Rojas quien, ante la catástrofe electoral de su sector y en el contexto de una crítica profunda a la derecha y al presidente Piñera remachó con la siguiente frase: “hace cincuenta años, lo tuvimos muy claro”. Esto, respecto al rol del sector en el quiebre de nuestra democracia.
Esa misma semana, ante un robo con violencia perpetrado a su residencia, el presidente de la patronal de empresarios, Juan Sutil, manifestó a Emol que «hoy en día todos somos vulnerables, hay un clima de inestabilidad y poca seguridad… lo que es más grave es el nivel de agresividad con que actúan los delincuentes. Eso es muy triste, porque… además nos tenemos que defender y autoproteger”.
Luego fueron las burlas a la presidenta de la convención, Elisa Loncón y la machi Francisca Linconao que ameritaron un requerimiento al Comité de Ética de la institución contra sus colegas Teresa Marinovic, Arturo Zúñiga, Ruth Hurtado y Katherine Montealegre por “acusaciones calumniosas” y “discriminación lingüística”. En seguida, vino el espectáculo que ofreció el constituyente Rodrigo Rojas Vader y la seguidilla de mentiras sobre su real enfermedad y las fake news sobre la Convención que se difunden por redes sociales, que han sido una constante desde su instalación.
Como no podía ser de otra manera, en esta avalancha de dichos y hechos, nuevamente el presidente de la República nos recordó a tod@s l@s chilen@s cuál es su sello empresarial en los pandora papers, investigación del Consorcio Internacional de Periodistas de Investigación. Destello de la temperatura que se vive en la calle, vino después la agresión a la constituyente tía Pikachú en plaza Dignidad.
Sobre el telón de fondo, recortadas como las sombras del teatro negro, las cifras económicas y las previsiones sobre la marcha de la caja fiscal indican que estamos a caballo de una crisis en aumento.
El lunes 04 de octubre mientras les entregaban el manual de doctrina de la institución a los aspirantes a carabineros, dos generales involucrados en el “Pacogate” eran procesados, sin perder su grado ni el servicio que por ser generales les brindan subalternos, en tanto que el carabinero acusado de arrojar a un joven en el puente Pío Nono en medio de las protestas de 2019, obtiene la libertad luego de estar detenido seis meses.
Final abierto
Hoy, 12 de octubre, día simbólico, cuando termino de escribir esta columna, el presidente Piñera acaba de anunciar la declaración de estado de excepción por 15 días en cuatro provincias del sur – de las regiones de Bío-Bío y La Araucanía – y la movilización de militares a la zona. Anuncio que se hace justo el día en que Cristóbal Colón llegó a América, inaugurando la presencia del imperio español en el nuevo mundo.
Como ya sucedió el 2019, la violencia simbólica se ha hecho presente y con la declaración de estado de excepción en varias provincias de Bío Bío y La Araucanía, aparecerá la violencia física. Sólo falta que lleguemos, otra vez, a un nuevo 18 de octubre.
Como ya sucedió el 2019, la violencia simbólica se ha hecho presente y con la declaración de estado de excepción de hoy, aparecerá la violencia física. Sólo falta que lleguemos, otra vez, a un nuevo 18 de octubre.
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