Por Esteban Valenzuela van Treek
Tras la terrible tragedia del humo en El Teniente (junio 1945), que dejó 355 muertos, la indignación nacional llevó a un grupo de parlamentarios de izquierda a exigir la estatización del cobre y contar con un estanco público para su comercialización. Así lo hicieron los mexicanos con el petróleo y los gobiernos desarrollistas de Getulio Vargas en Brasil, Perón en Argentina y la propia Revolución Boliviana de 1952 con sus recursos naturales.
A las voces proféticas de Radomiro Tomic (falangista, luego DC) y el liberal Mariano Puga, se sumaron los socialistas Salvador Allende y Eugenio González, quienes formalizaron la propuesta del estanco en 1952. La Confederación de Trabajadores del Cobre, liderada por Héctor Olivares, hizo suya la demanda, ante lo cual, en 1955, el gobierno de Ibáñez dictó la ley de nuevo trato que incluyó los fondos de desarrollo provincial del cobre.
El resultado del nuevo trato, expresado en inversiones que favorecieron a nuestra región, fue enorme, como lo grafica el siguiente cuadro para el período 1957 a 1973:
Obras emblemáticas para el desarrollo de la Provincia de O´Higgins con aportes de los fondos destinados por leyes del cobre entre 1957 a 1973.
| Tipologías | Ejemplos | Comunas |
| Saneamiento | Alcantarrillados y agua potable para sectores populares | Peumo, Coltauco, Doñihue, Rengo, Rancagua, Machalí, Graneros |
| Pavimentos | Urbanos y caminos | Doble vía a Santiago, camino a Coltauco |
| Deportivas | Piscinas y Estadios | San Francisco de Mostazal, Machalí y Rengo |
| Turísticas | Hosterías | Machalí, Rengo |
| Fomento económico | Apoyo a barrios industriales | Rancagua, Rengo, San Francisco de Mostazal |
| Educacionales | Modernización escuelas industriales y liceos | Rancagua, Rengo |
| Recreativas | Balnearios Municipales | Machalí, Rancagua, Coinco |
| Viviendas Trabajadores | Nuevas villas en Rancagua | Manzanal, Rancagua Norte, Urmeneta, Manso de Velasco |
Fuentes: Memorias El Teniente, testimonios orales, libro “El Salto Prodigioso” de Nicolás Díaz (1970) e Historias de El Teniente de Drago y Baros.
Sin embargo, la dictadura eliminó los fondos del cobre y privatizó el grueso de la Gran Minería. Luego, la Concertación prosiguió con la privatización de parte de CODELCO (en El Teniente, con la venta de centrales, derechos de agua, Talleres) y sus divisiones han perdido autonomía y peso territorial. La Corporación abandonó los planes de vivienda, no abre sus sistemas de salud y deportivos a los contratistas y su aporte en Responsabilidad Social Empresarial es mínima.
Quizás si el último aporte relevante se produjo en los años 90, cuando el Municipio de Rancagua y el concejo nos opusimos al paso de camiones con ácido por la ciudad, debiendo hacer la carretera Cachapoal sur y embarcar en trenes el ácido a San Antonio.
Con Jaime Mulet, impulsamos el llamado “impuesto específico a la minería” que logramos aprobar en una tasa de un 3.8% de las ventas. Esos recursos han permitido duplicar el gasto en investigación, ciencia y tecnología en Chile (indicador que sigue siendo mínimo en el país) y creamos los Fondos para la Innovación, FICS. Con los FICS nos propusimos generar otro “hemisferio mental” en los Gobiernos Regionales orientado al fomento productivo endógeno para “sembrar” el cobre en diversificación económica y desarrollo territorial verde y no frenarnos en inversiones de FNDR en infraestructura mediana.
Estructuralmente la Región es pobre y rezagada, ocupando el antepenúltimo lugar en el índice de Desarrollo Regional (IDERE 2019).
Unidos con Esteban Velásquez, diputado por el norte, y el dirigente de los contratistas, Manuel Ahumada, logramos en la Comisión de Estado para Descentralización que se propiciara un royalty a las ventas de todos los recursos naturales (minería, pesca, forestales, eléctricas), de los cuales el 5% quedase en las comunas y regiones mineras y el otro 5% al Fondo de Convergencia y Equidad Territorial para las zonas de rezago.
El Teniente el 2021 venderá más de cuatro mil millones de dólares y todos los fondos regionales son sólo 100 millones de dólares. Si existiera el 5%, El Teniente aportaría 200 millones, con lo que llegaríamos a 300 millones para inversión regional, triplicando los recursos existentes. Es la hora de retomar esta lucha, movilizarse y perseverar en la articulación de una coalición eco social neo desarrollista.
53 comentarios en “Volver a sembrar el cobre, semilla del desarrollo regional”
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