Carla Hernández es académica del Departamento de Física de la Universidad de Santiago, USACH y con su libro “¿Qué hacen las científicas? Actividades increíbles para aprender acerca de la ciencia”, busca estimular la creatividad de l@s niñ@s, familiarizándolos con el trabajo de las científicas y haciéndolos protagonistas de una serie de actividades que los hacen preguntarse e indagar.
Por Adriana Bastías
Dibújate a ti mism@, haciendo ciencia. Esa es una de las actividades a la que Carla Hernández invita a niños y niñas en su libro “¿Qué hacen las científicas? Actividades increíbles para aprender acerca de la ciencia”. Ella es profesora de Física de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso y doctora en Didáctica de la Matemática y las Ciencias Experimentales por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (España),
La publicación nace en un contexto particular. Tras dos años de pandemia, las ciencias han ocupado un lugar de mayor relevancia en el día a día y palabras como virus o PCR se han vuelto mucho más cotidianas para todas las personas. Por otra parte, desde el mundo de las ciencias y tecnología existen iniciativas de divulgación que merecen la pena se conozcan más y que tienen como objetivo acercar el conocimiento científico a las personas y comunidades. Este es el caso del libro sobre el cual conversamos con su autora; fue publicado por la editorial USACH, a propósito de un llamado para crear libros de divulgación, realizado en el momento alto de la pandemia, a mediados de 2020, por la Vicerrectoría de Vinculación con el Medio de la USACH y la mencionada editorial.
Carla Hernández se desempeña como académica del Departamento de Física en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) y es directora de Vinculación con el Medio de la Facultad de Ciencia. En 2020 fue reconocida como una de las 100 Mujeres Líderes de Chile.
¿Cómo surge la idea del libro?
La idea nació en pandemia cuando estuve compartiendo por redes sociales diversas actividades experimentales para que niñas y niños pudieran hacer en casa. Pensaba en mis hermanas preocupadas por entretener a mis sobrinas en casa, encerradas por el covid-19. Algo que también le pasaba a muchas familias. Cuando a mitad del 2020, la vicerrectoría de Vinculación con el Medio de la USACH junto con la editorial Usach hicieron un llamado para crear libros de divulgación, decidí que era una buena oportunidad para reunir este material que llevaba unos meses preparando y convertirlo en un libro para público infantil. Pensé que al plantear actividades no todo podían ser experimentos, porque eso refuerza la idea de una ciencia que sólo se hace en laboratorios. Me interesaba desarrollar otro tipo de actividades, menos estereotipadas, y por supuesto promover también la figura de la mujer científica.
¿Por qué cree importante desarrollar estos temas en forma didáctica?
Cuando el objetivo es llegar al público infantil, me parece importante considerar que las niñas y niños tienen muchas ideas acerca del mundo, de la vida y la naturaleza. Los adultos muchas veces coartamos su creatividad e imaginación al imponerles las formas en que nosotros vemos y entendemos las cosas. Por lo tanto, con este libro el objetivo era fomentar aún mas la creatividad, a través de estrategias lúdicas que permitieran a los pequeños lectores ser participantes del libro y utilizarlo como un espacio para cuestionarse ideas y plasmarlas en alguna parte.
¿De qué se trata el libro? ¿Qué podemos encontrar en él?
Como dice el título, es un libro de actividades en el que niñas y niños podrán familiarizarse con el trabajo que hacen las científicas. Muchos libros se centran en entregar contenidos científicos, y en las escuelas esos contenidos se enseñan como algo incuestionable. Pero pocas veces hay espacio para hablar sobre lo que implica el trabajo científico y las personas que hay detrás. Así que este libro invita a las niñas y niños a seguir un recorrido por el cual van aprendiendo cosas sobre qué es la ciencia, cómo se desarrolla y lo principal, mostrando a las mujeres como protagonistas.
Sabemos que son pocas las mujeres que se interesan por la ciencia al llegar a la etapa universitaria, y que uno de los factores que genera este desinterés tiene que ver con la falta de referentes. ¿Por qué alguien querría dedicar su vida a algo que al parecer no está hecho para nosotras? La cultura popular y la sociedad se han encargado de invisibilizar a las mujeres científicas a lo largo de la historia. Pero cuando pensamos en cómo motivar a mas mujeres para que se dediquen a la ciencia, es válido preguntarse ¿por qué alguien querría ser científica? Y es ahí donde creo que sólo conocer los contenidos científicos no basta. Necesitamos comunicar y enseñar mucho mejor qué hacen realmente las mujeres que se dedican a la ciencia porque la actividad científica va mucho más allá de las disciplinas. Al hacer ciencia se aprende a trabajar en equipo, y puedes hacer ciencia de muchas maneras diferentes. Eso no aparece en los libros de texto, no se enseña en la escuela.
Este libro se destaca por ser interactivo. ¿Qué tipo de interacciones podemos realizar a través de él?
Estructuré el libro con tres grandes secciones: en la primera se proponen actividades sencillas con las cuales se va guiando a los lectores para que conozcan en qué consiste el trabajo científico. Desde un inicio, el lector se considera un participante y se le involucra en el relato. En la segunda parte se presentan las historias y aportes de algunas científicas tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, de diferentes áreas del conocimiento. En el caso de las científicas chilenas, incluí a mujeres jóvenes que comparten una característica en común: que son muy activas en redes sociales. De este modo, se hace una invitación a las niñas y niños junto a sus familias, para que las contacten y las vean como personas cercanas. Luego, en la tercera parte se incluye un cuaderno de investigación. Ahí se proponen experimentos e investigaciones para realizar, pero también hay orientaciones para que cada persona pueda realizar sus propias actividades científicas utilizando las plantillas propuestas.
Desde el contenido hasta el material y diseño con el cual fue hecho, el libro está pensado para que los niños lo utilicen, lo manipulen y lo escriban. Así que la “interactividad” no viene mediada por la tecnología, sino por fomentar una lectura activa en la que toda la familia pueda reunirse para compartir lindos momentos, realizando las actividades del libro.
¿Cuál de todos los experimentos presentados es tu favorito?
Yo diría que de todas las actividades que se presentan en las diferentes partes del libro, aquella donde se invita a las niñas y niños a dibujarse a sí mismos haciendo ciencia es mi favorita. Porque de este modo, estoy intencionando que más allá de los estereotipos, cada quien pueda verse reflejado y representado en el libro. No importa como eres, tu también puedes dedicarte a la ciencia, en cualquiera de sus formas posibles. Y con esa actividad se invita a generar una reflexión en torno a eso. A valorarnos como somos.
¿Cuál es el público objetivo al cual está dirigido el libro?
Especialmente para niñas y niños entre 6 y 10 años de edad, porque es cuando comienzan la escolaridad y la ciencia se presenta de forma más dogmática en las escuelas. Con este libro se combaten no solo estereotipos de personas que hacen ciencia, sino también de las formas en que se hace ciencia. Así que el libro, a esa edad, puede contribuir a que las y los lectores crezcan con ideas diferentes de lo que implica hacer ciencia en realidad. También quisiera enfatizar en que el libro no es solo para niñas, porque los niños también necesitan conocer referentes femeninos para crecer con una mirada mucho mas diversa y enriquecida de lo que es la ciencia y lo que implica el trabajo científico para todas las personas. En la cultura popular y en los libros de texto escolar, seguramente encontrarán a muchos hombres haciendo ciencia. Con este libro contribuimos a un balance que es muy necesario.
¿Dónde se puede conseguir el libro “¿Qué hacen las científicas? Actividades increíbles para aprender acerca de la ciencia”?
Se puede adquirir por internet en varias librerías, con despacho a todo el país:
- Tienda virtual de la editorial USACH en:
Librería Lolita en:
https://librerialolita.com/producto/que-hacen-las-cientificas/
Librería del GAM en :
https://www.libreriadelgam.cl/libro/que-hacen-las-cientificas_106416
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