De Facundo a Milei, dos siglos de patillas, caudillos e inestabilidad política

Una izquierda que no ha sabido procesar el escenario que llevó al triunfo histórico a Milei, lo adjetiva como el representante del neofascismo. Son pocos quienes han puesto foco en el complejo escenario económico que envolvió la actual elección presidencial, con una inflación galopante de 140%. En ese escenario cualquier alternativa al establishment de derecha e izquierda sería bienvenida y eso fue lo que representó Javier Milei: “lo radicalmente distinto” a lo que había.

Por Edison Ortiz

Imagen del caudillo Juan Facundo Quiroga

En 1989, mientras repasábamos la historia argentina y luego de leer el clásico Facundo, civilización o barbarie de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Julio Pinto, nuestro profesor de historia de América Latina en la Universidad de Talca, nos recordaba lo que reflexionaba Sarmiento en su exilio en Chile sobre lo que acontecía en su país. A través de la personalidad del caudillo Juan Facundo Quiroga, Sarmiento analizaba las dificultades de construir institucionalidad política en Argentina debido al predominio de personalidades excéntricas y caudillistas.

Hoy, es inevitable contrastar la similitud de aquel personaje con la de un candidato en los años 90 del siglo pasado, desconocido para nosotros, venido desde el interior, La Rioja, con patillas exuberantes y poncho, tal como Facundo, que se llamaba Carlos Menem y que se impondría con facilidad ante una degastada Unión Cívica Radical (UCR), representada por Eduardo Angeloz.

Menem, candidato en 1989 en un estilo que se repite: alternativo y con largas patillas.

Raúl Alfonsín, presidente en ejercicio debió renunciar anticipadamente ante un escenario muy parecido al de hoy, una hiperinflación descontrolada que obligó a Menem a iniciar antes su gobierno.

Hiperinflación y un outsider 30 años después

No seguí de cerca la elección argentina ni soy experto en su sistema político, aunque lo conozco por historia y por vivencias. Desde que supe del personaje disruptivo que representaba la nueva fuerza social del país trasandino le pronostiqué a más de algún amigo que iba a arrasar en la elección. Me llamó la atención, además de sus patillas (todo un símbolo en la política argentina) su estética rockstar bastante similar a la de Charly García, famoso por sus locuras y excentricidades, aunque de un tono un poco menor si se le compara con las intervenciones de Milei.

En ese escenario, no resultó casual que el aspirante a la Casa Rosada de La Libertad Avanza hubiese ido a votar el pasado domingo 19 en su estilo: despeinado, patillas exuberantes, chaqueta de cuero y camisa negra. Javier Milei representaba todo lo distinto para los argentinos hastiados de un sistema político que, literalmente, los está haciendo “comer caca”. Y lo premiaron por ello.

Milei votando el domingo pasado con pinta de rockstar y con profusas patillas.

¿Argentina se fascistiza?

Abundan los memes en redes sociales sobre el nuevo inquilino de la Casa Rosada. Una izquierda que no ha sabido procesar el escenario que llevó al triunfo histórico a este candidato sin coalición política ni apoyos institucionales, lo adjetiva como el representante del neofascismo.

Son pocos los especialistas -aquellos que no repiten majaderías en redes sociales ni perciben a Milei como un nuevo Hitler– que ponen su foco en el complejo escenario económico que envolvió la actual elección presidencial, con una inflación galopante de 140% que ha golpeado significativamente la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía así como sus ingresos, al punto que el argentino medio hoy solo aspira a comer y a no perder su vivienda. En ese escenario, el peronismo ofreció como candidato a la cara visible de esa crisis, su ministro de Economía, Sergio Massa que contó con un presidente, Alberto Fernández, inmovilizado, mudo, incapaz de provocar cambios de fondo y con los organismos internacionales acreedores encima suyo.  

En ese escenario cualquier alternativa al establishment de derecha e izquierda sería bienvenida y eso fue lo que representó Javier Milei: “lo radicalmente distinto” a lo que había. El pueblo argentino ya había probado el fracaso con la derecha tradicional que representó Macri y pagaba los costos de un kirchnerismo venido a menos, ahogado en la corrupción y en la falta de control de la economía.

En un ambiente político tan complejo, resulta casi inverosímil que con ese nivel de crisis el peronismo alcanzase en segunda vuelta el 44% de las preferencias, simbolizando un poder que sigue ahí, con una tremenda capacidad de movilización y que, seguramente, estará atento a “los recortes” y “las privatizaciones a precio de huevo” que implementará Milei (y que favorecerán seguramente a Macri y sus amigos). Porque el nuevo presidente de Argentina ya anunció recortes de gastos equivalentes al 15% del PIB y la parálisis de las obras públicas para reducir gasto fiscal, medidas que, por supuesto, ya aplauden los organismos financieros internacionales.

A diferencia de cómo se implementó el neoliberalismo extremo en Chile en dictadura, el excéntrico presidente electo de Argentina tendrá la posibilidad de imponer un modelo ultraconservador bajo un régimen democrático. Aunque el éxito de aquello no esté de antemano garantizado.  

¿Con Milei, está garantizada la refundación económica de Argentina?

Milei y una de sus excéntricas salidas.

No lo sabemos. El tránsito de la primera a la segunda vuelta, en que Milei consiguió, con el visto bueno de Macri, el apoyo de la derecha tradicional, no garantiza por sí solo la gobernabilidad de la futura administración de La libertad avanza. Si efectivamente el proyecto de gobierno de Milei, del que solo se conocen titulares y eslóganes, no se encauza bien puede concluir en una “cleptocracia” de la que se beneficiarán, seguramente, Macri y su entorno al alero del consenso de Washington.

Hay que observar, también, cómo se reordenan las fuerzas al interior del peronismo que, pese a una hiperinflación que asfixia al pueblo argentino, se quedó con casi el 45% de apoyo popular dentro del que se cuenta el sindicalismo que posee un enorme potencial de movilización social y que, sin duda, se opondrá de frentón a las medidas ultra neoliberales de Milei.

Es probable que en un escenario de creciente tensión social, la inexperiencia de Milei lo llevé prontamente a recurrir a las fuerzas armadas, que se sintieron humilladas con el kirchnerismo –la reivindicación de los montoneros, la bajada del cuadro de Videla, etc.-, pero que, también, lo pensarán dos veces luego que son ellos, como también sucedió en Chile, quienes “hacen la limpieza” para que, otros se enriquezcan y luego ellos paguen con prisión sus propios “excesos”. Ya lo dijeron los militares chilenos en 2019 cuando después de que Piñera señaló que estábamos “enfrentados a un enemigo poderoso”, el general Iturriaga le contestó que “él no estaba en guerra con nadie”.

Si ello se produjese en Argentina, la solución, como tantas otras veces, sería sacar al presidente en helicóptero desde La Casa Rosada. Veremos qué pasa.   

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