Gloria Montenegro, descifrando secretos desde el panal

La Red de Investigadoras de Chile fue pionera en nuestro país, en mostrar el trabajo y en defender las injusticias contra algunas colegas universitarias. Hay que seguir defendiendo lo nuestro. El Premio Nacional de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnológicas nunca ha sido entregado a una mujer. Si lo gano, lo tomaré con mucha humildad y, obviamente, alegría por lo que significa, pero, sin duda, servirá para ponerme al servicio de las investigadoras de nuestro país.

 Adriana Bastías

Ad portas de la entrega de los Premios Nacionales 2022, quisimos conocer más sobre el trabajo de una de las postulantes al único premio que nunca se lo han otorgado a una mujer en Chile: el Premio Nacional de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnológicas. Por tal motivo, les presentamos una entrevista a la profesora Gloria Montenegro, quien, si bien inició sus investigaciones en las ciencias básicas, ha realizado un invaluable aporte a las ciencias aplicadas, con 41 solicitudes de patentes presentadas en INAPI (Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial), que la hicieron acreedora el año 2019 al Premio a la Trayectoria, otorgado por la misma institución. Durante su carrera ha generado 290 publicaciones científicas en revistas internacionales, de las cuales más de la mitad fueron publicadas en revistas de alto impacto (Q1).

Gloria Montenegro, profesora titular de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y primera latinoamericana en obtener el Premio para Mujeres en Ciencias L’Oreal Unesco. Comenzó con su trabajo estudiando plantas nativas (cuyo origen es en Chile, pero también en otros países) y endémicas (que sólo se encuentran en nuestro país). Sin embargo, buscando cómo mostrarles a más personas la importancia de las plantas nativas y endémicas, derivó a trabajar con las propiedades de la miel y descubrió, por ejemplo, que la miel de ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) es capaz de matar bacterias (propiedad bactericida), con lo que se pueden generar productos tipo “lysoform”.

En cualquier época, pero en especial en invierno, el consumo de miel adquiere una mayor relevancia, en especial cuando nos enfrentamos a cuadros respiratorios. La miel es un alimento nutritivo y natural producido por abejas, principalmente, desde el néctar de flores. No solo se usa como endulzante por su contenido en carbohidratos (azúcares), sino que tiene compuestos como proteínas, enzimas, compuestos antioxidantes, vitaminas y sales minerales. La miel puede ser monofloral o monofloreal, si proviene mayoritariamente del polen y néctar de una planta específica o purifloreal o si contiene una mezcla de néctares y pólenes de diferentes plantas.  

Para conocer más del trabajo de la profesora Montenegro y su relación con la miel, les invitamos a leer la entrevista que le concedió a El Regionalista.

Primero, nos gustaría saber ¿cómo llega a estudiar la miel y sus propiedades?

Llegué a las mieles por mi interés en la flora nativa/ endémica. Si reconocía el origen floral de las mieles, lo cual se hace identificando los granos de polen presentes en el residuo polínico, podría hacer que valoraran más nuestra flora y así conservarlas con mayor interés.

Muchas personas consumimos miel, pero una duda común es saber si ¿todas las mieles son iguales o tienen distintas propiedades?

No todas las mieles son iguales; dependerá del origen de la planta o de las plantas, cuyos néctares participan en su formación. Hay muchas que no muestran actividad. Las mieles heredan las propiedades y compuestos secundarios de las plantas, por eso varían mucho en actividad y propiedades.

Una de sus patentes, que fue destacada en programas de televisión, fue un producto que mata bacterias derivado de la miel, ¿cómo llega a descubrir el poder bactericida en la miel de ulmo?

Estaba trabajando con un grupo de apicultores de la Región de Los Lagos, analizando el origen botánico de sus mieles y les propuse estudiar el efecto antioxidante y antimicrobiano, ya que la literatura indicaba que algunas mieles del mundo mostraban esa capacidad. Estaba trabajando, en ese tiempo, tratando de controlar la bacteria Erwinia Carotovora, responsable de la pudrición de hortalizas y bulbos después de la cosecha. En ese tiempo, trabajaba con extractos fenólicos provenientes de plantas medicinales nativas o endémicas. Así fue como probé contra Erwinia el extracto de la miel de ulmo y luego, lo hice eliminando el peróxido de hidrógeno. Llegué a patentar estos resultados, sobre el efecto del extracto de la miel de ulmo contra varias bacterias patógenas humanas. Esta fue la primera patente de miel endémica de Chile.

Para quienes nos gustaría saber más del proceso durante su investigación sobre la miel, ¿qué pasos se siguen desde encontrar esta propiedad bactericida en la miel hasta poder tener un producto propiamente tal?

Primero, conocer el origen botánico de una miel para asegurarse de que sea monofloral y de plantas nativas o endémicas. Luego, obtener los extractos y el análisis químico de esos extractos, para determinar la fracción responsable de la actividad bactericida. Idealmente, reconocemos el compuesto bioactivo y si es un compuesto químico nuevo, mejor aún. Probar el extracto con cultivos de bacterias patógenas y entonces, analizar la concentración mínima en la cual este actúa. Los controles positivos son siempre antibióticos como penicilina, estreptomicina, gentamicina, etc.

Una de las características de su trabajo es que su estudio ha sido con productores de miel. ¿Cómo llegó a trabajar con comunidades de apicultores?

Después de publicar los primeros papers (publicaciones científicas), comunidades de apicultores me empezaron a invitar a sus talleres, pidiéndome conferencias. Mis primeros proyectos en miel, polen apícola y propóleos fueron con Fondecyt (Fondo de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico) y, por lo tanto, publicaba mucho en revistas de alto índice de impacto.

En sus diferentes proyectos llama la atención su relación con la Isla de Pascua. ¿Qué trabajo hizo allí y como se relaciona con la miel?

Básicamente, lo mismo que en el continente, pero con las mieles producidas allá de un origen botánico diferente, de aromas y sabores exquisitos. Esas mieles son únicas en el mundo. Paralelamente, tenía un programa de reforestación con palma chilena (Jubaea chilensis) y Conaf (Corporación Nacional Forestal), donde participaban muchos pascuenses en la plantación. Durante años, viajé a la Isla a trabajar con ellos. Reforestamos con mahute, una planta papirifira que estaba casi extinguida. Fueron años maravillosos de trabajo con los pascuenses, tengo muchos amigos allá con los cuales aún trabajo. 

De las 41 patentes presentadas a INAPI a lo largo de su carrera, ¿cuál de ellas Ud. destacaría y por qué?

El sello industrial que permitió hacer un Factor o Sello APF (Active Patagonia Factor), de actividad bactericida para mieles chilenas. Este lo desarrollé tras el análisis de más de 500 mieles nativas. Se sacó la licencia y se comercializan las mieles con ese sello APF en muchos países donde antes no se exportaba miel, como China y Emiratos Árabes.

¿Qué significa para Ud. que la postulen al Premio Nacional de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnológicas?

Significa un reconocimiento a mi trabajo y al de las mujeres científicas de nuestro país, ya que difícilmente se visibiliza el trabajo de las mujeres como debería hacerse. Además, poco valoradas en lo que hacemos. Ha costado mucho llegar alto, hay que ser muy resiliente para continuar. No ha sido fácil para muchas de nosotras lograr la excelencia académica y llegar a publicar nuestro trabajo en revistas internacionales de alto impacto. Nos ha costado, no por no tener las capacidades para lograrlo, sino por las dificultades que hemos tenido de escalar, ser respetadas y tener las mismas oportunidades. Hoy día, eso ha cambiado un poco por la misma fuerza que nosotras hemos puesto en que lo reconozcan y en que nos respeten. La Red de Investigadoras de Chile fue pionera en nuestro país, en mostrar el trabajo y en defender las injusticias contra algunas colegas universitarias. Hay que seguir defendiendo lo nuestro. Este premio nunca ha sido entregado a una mujer. Si lo gano, lo tomaré con mucha humildad y, obviamente, alegría por lo que significa, pero, sin duda, servirá para ponerme al servicio de las investigadoras de nuestro país.

Nota: El mahute (Broussonetia papiryphera) es una planta utilizada ancestralmente para la producción de papiros y trajes a partir de su fibra, fue introducida a Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua) por los colonizadores polinésicos.

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