Una mirada colectiva a los desafíos de la innovación en la región de O’Higgins

La semana pasada, en las dependencias de la UOH, tuvo lugar el Seminario de Innovación Regional organizado por la Corfo y Gore. Allí se concluyó que hay factores que dificultan la decisión de innovar como: costo de innovación muy alto, falta de fondos propios, falta de financiamiento externo, incertidumbre ante la demanda, falta de capacidades, y dificultad para cooperar.

 Adriana Bastías

La semana pasada tuvo lugar, en las dependencias de la Universidad de O’Higgins (UOH), el Seminario de Innovación Regional organizado por la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (Corfo) y el Gobierno Regional (Gore), en el cual se levantaron propuestas para abordar, desde la investigación, el desarrollo y la innovación, diferentes desafíos regionales. La jornada contó con la presencia de autoridades regionales, de Corfo regional y la universidad.

Tras breves palabras de saludos protocolares y bienvenida de representantes de las instituciones organizadoras, Sergio Aravena, director de Vinculación y Servicios de Innova Chile, presentó la charla: Innovación: una mirada para el desarrollo de los territorios. La exposición comenzó destacando aspectos positivos de nuestro país, como el que es una de las economías más competitivas de América Latina, que se considera un lugar seguro y confiable para hacer negocios. Además, se destacó que Chile está entre las economías con mejor ecosistema para emprender e innovar, y que estamos integrados al mundo.

A continuación, compartimos otros aspectos mencionados en esta charla. Si nos comparamos con otros países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Chile produce como valor agregado 0,5 dólares estadounidenses (USD) por kilogramo de material consumido, lejos de los 2,3 USD que promedian los países de la OCDE. Nuestra tasa de innovación en todo tamaño de empresas (grandes, medianas, pequeñas y micro) se encuentra en los últimos lugares de la OCDE. De hecho, en Chile el porcentaje de empresas que innovan es de 21, 4% (según método de cálculo de la Eurostat-OCDE). Otro dato interesante es que menos del 20% de las empresas realiza innovación de producto y proceso, mientras que el promedio de la OCDE supera el 55%. Si analizamos territorialmente la innovación que se desarrolla en nuestro país, nos encontramos con que la Región Metropolitana y las regiones de actividad minera o agroindustria concentran las tasas más altas de innovación. Pero cuando se analiza el tipo de impacto que tiene la innovación que se produce, es bajo, es decir: las empresas que innovan lo hacen comprando maquinaria, equipos y software, pero no generando innovación científico-tecnológica, por ejemplo.

Sin duda, hay factores que dificultan la decisión de innovar como: costo de innovación muy alto, falta de fondos propios, falta de financiamiento externo, incertidumbre ante la demanda, falta de capacidades, y dificultad para cooperar. Con respecto a la cooperación, es interesante conocer que de las empresas que innovan solo el 7,3 % de ellas realizó actividades con otros, lo que muestra una falta de capital social. El capital social se puede definir como el agregado de los recursos reales o potenciales ligados a la posesión de una red durable de relaciones más o menos institucionalizadas de reconocimiento mutuo; en palabras simples, una red de apoyo, de colaboradores y socios. Otro aspecto preocupante de nuestro país es que, si se compara el 10% de los ingresos más altos con respecto al 10% de los ingresos más bajos, nuestro país se posiciona como el más desigual de todos de los países que pertenecen a la OCDE.

La agenda de innovación y competitividad 2010-2020 define dentro de las acciones prioritarias de la política pública, el conseguir que un número relevante de las empresas nacionales se acerque a la frontera tecnológica, adquiera las mejores prácticas de gestión y cuente con personal con alta capacidad de absorción tecnológica. El diagnóstico inicial apunta a que la gran mayoría de las empresas chilenas presentan brechas de conocimientos, tecnologías y prácticas, debido a que existen fallas de mercado que causan que dichos conocimientos, tecnologías y prácticas sean de difícil acceso para empresas individuales, siendo afectadas, principalmente, las de menor tamaño. Frente a esto, nuestro país tiene el desafío de pasar de tener una producción primaria y extractivista a ser un país innovador, lo que aumentaría la competitividad y el desarrollo económico.

El Manual de Oslo, guía para la realización de mediciones y estudios de actividades científicas y tecnológicas de la OCDE, define innovación como la creación de valor a través de la transformación de ideas o conocimientos en nuevos, o significantemente mejorados, productos (bienes o servicios), procesos, métodos de comercialización o métodos organizacionales. Es así como la innovación permitiría a una empresa sobrevivir, diferenciarse, reinventarse o reconvertirse, crecer y generar un mayor impacto. Además, nos impulsa como país a avanzar hacia el desarrollo, tener una mayor equidad social con un positivo impacto medioambiental.

Ahora, cuando nos planteamos cómo partir innovando es importante primero definir el problema/desafío/oportunidad, para luego ver las ventajas comparativas que se tienen o se pueden lograr y definir metas a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Para innovar, una empresa puede desarrollar por separado o en conjunto dos estrategias, dependiendo de su distancia a la frontera tecnológica. Si la empresa está lejana a la frontera tecnológica dentro de las posibilidades estarían adaptar tecnologías ya disponibles en otros mercados, viajar, ver e identificar tecnologías (learning by looking) y/o importar tecnologías que mejoren la productividad y competitividad. Mientras que, si la empresa está cercana a la frontera tecnológica, se podrían desarrollar nuevas tecnologías, experimentar con prototipos y pilotos, diseñar nuevos productos, procesos, etc.

Finalmente, Sergio Aravena terminó señalando que el desafío actual sería aumentar el número de empresas que incorporen la innovación como estrategia de competitividad y productividad, diferenciando las acciones, según el tipo de empresas y con participación de ellas de todo el país.

Tras esta interesante charla, para cerrar la jornada, l@s participantes intercambiaron opiniones sobre las brechas regionales existentes en mesas de trabajo sobre cambio climático y sustentabilidad ambiental; capital humano; competitividad; identidad regional; tecnologías, emprendimientos y servicios 4.0. Se espera que la sistematización de encuentros como este sea un insumo importante para aportar al desarrollo e innovación en la región de O’Higgins.

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852 comentarios en “Una mirada colectiva a los desafíos de la innovación en la región de O’Higgins”

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