Varias constituciones latinoamericanas comienzan a definir a sus naciones como multiétnicas y pluriculturales, y establecen la promoción de la diversidad como principio constitucional, mismos conceptos que en Chile han generado una amplia conmoción, en parte de la población y sectores políticos, aun cuando llevan años siendo estudiados como parte de esta nueva constitucionalidad en diversos países.
Yasna Araya y Alexandra Cortés
Mucho se ha comentado sobre si es necesario un cambio de Constitución en nuestro país, si ello es beneficioso o ¿por qué la necesidad de cambiar la que tenemos, si con la actual el país está “bien”? Manejando este proceso constitucional como único, no obstante, los cambios constitucionales se vienen dando a nivel mundial desde hace varios años, y su explicación no es más que consecuencia de una evolución político-social que busca hacerse cargo de las transformaciones que, como sociedad, estamos experimentando. No en vano, empezamos a cuestionarnos realidades que hemos normalizado por años, y que hoy se ha consensuado ya no se deben seguir tolerando, o bien, simplemente, el hecho que tenemos una visión distinta de cómo se debemos desenvolvernos en el mundo.
Es por eso que, desde hace décadas, los países de América Latina, solo por dar algunos ejemplos, han pasado por procesos de cambios constitucionales, ya sea con profundas reformas a sus constituciones anteriores o con la adopción de nuevas constituciones, como lo hicieron Brasil en 1988, Colombia en 1991, Paraguay en 1992, Perú en 1993, Venezuela en 1993, Ecuador en 1998 y 2008 y Bolivia en 2009. Y aunque veamos que Chile sigue esa tendencia, podemos decir, sin embargo, que ha llegado atrasado a este proceso político-social, planteándose recién su cambio 40 años después de la “aprobación” de la Constitución de 1980.
La mayoría de las reformas y nuevas constituciones han sido caracterizadas por un cambio en lo que se entiende como unidad nacional, se generó una fuerte apreciación de las diferencias y una mayor aprobación del pluralismo en todas sus formas. Es por ello que muchas de estas constituciones comienzan a definir a sus naciones como multiétnicas y pluriculturales, y establecen la promoción de la diversidad como principio constitucional, mismos conceptos que en Chile han generado una amplia conmoción, en parte de la población y sectores políticos, aun cuando llevan años siendo estudiados como parte de esta nueva constitucionalidad en diversos países.
Además, se otorga protección especial a grupos que han sido objeto de discriminación, incluidas las comunidades indígenas. Algunos países incluso otorgan, a estos grupos, derechos especiales y ciudadanía diferenciada, al establecer distritos especiales para su representación, reconociendo sus idiomas como idiomas oficiales, y otorgándoles autonomía y poder judicial propio en sus territorios para que puedan resolver los conflictos, de acuerdo con sus cosmovisiones. Por lo tanto, según algunos analistas, estas reformas no solo transitan hacia una idea pluralista de identidad, sino que incorporan elementos y formas de ciudadanía diferenciada, multicultural y multinacional.
También, se destaca como elemento común el reconocimiento de derechos constitucionales para los habitantes de la nación: las reformas incorporan derechos políticos y civiles más liberales; derechos económicos, sociales y culturales ampliamente establecidos, donde entran derechos como la educación, vivienda y salud; y también derechos colectivos como los derechos del medio ambiente y su protección (en el artículo anterior se trató sobre los derechos de la naturaleza en la propuesta constitucional.
Varias de las constituciones presentan una tendencia a cambiar la supremacía del presidencialismo, pero de una forma moderada, ya que, a pesar de que se reducen ciertos poderes presidenciales, que se equilibran con el respaldo de la posibilidad de una reelección presidencial inmediata, como fue el caso en Argentina con Menem, en Brasil con Cardoso, en Perú con Fujimori, en Colombia con Uribe, etc. Y la propuesta constitucional de Chile no se aleja de ello, pues entre sus elementos está la de permitir la reelección inmediata o posterior, pero solo una vez (artículo 284), y limita sus poderes en las iniciativas legislativas.
Las constituciones reconocen una amplitud de derechos, incluyendo derechos colectivos, económicos, sociales y culturales. Además, las cartas fundamentales plantean que la transformación a una sociedad más justa se hace a través de una ampliación de los mecanismos de participación democrática.
En este sentido son, en la terminología de autores como Mauricio García, constituciones “aspiracionales” o, en la terminología de Boaventura Santos, constituciones “transformadoras”, porque proponen sociedades inclusivas capaces de llevar democracia y beneficios a sectores tradicionalmente excluidos de las sociedades latinoamericanas, al prometer cierto nivel de derechos y bienestar para todos. Por tanto, aun cuando en el fenómeno de los cambios constitucionales se encuentren una serie de elementos que tuvieron en común estos procesos, como la introducción de la plurinacionalidad, la introducción de derechos colectivos y derechos más liberales en la protección constitucional, un Estado directamente participativo en el bienestar social, y la protección a los derechos medioambientales; a diferencia de lo que se ha expuesto, estos cambios constitucionales no traen como consecuencia necesaria el empobrecimiento de un país, ni una economía inestable. Así, por ejemplo, en publicaciones anteriores de El Regionalista se ha expuesto de que la propiedad privada no está limitada, no se termina con la libertad de mercado, ni tampoco, se está restringiendo la participación económica, pero sí se busca un equilibrio entre todos los derechos, tanto colectivos como individuales.
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