Cambios posataque a la Plaza de los Tres Poderes en Brasilia

Este es el contexto de la remoción de la directiva de la EBC, una empresa estatal que está a merced del gobierno de turno. Por tanto, la interpretación de que Lula está coartando la libertad de prensa en Brasil es antojadiza, por decir lo menos. Lo que el actual presidente de Brasil está haciendo es un paso lógico del cambio de mando que se vio acelerado por los acontecimientos de comienzos de enero.

A.C. Mercado-Harvey

Se viven días agitados en la política latinoamericana. Perú continúa en un proceso de masivas protestas contra el gobierno de Dina Boluarte, quien asumió tras el fallido golpe de Pedro Castillo en diciembre del año pasado. Argentina está en un proceso inflacionario que se acerca peligrosamente al 100% en el corto plazo. Uruguay lleva un buen tiempo con huelgas de profesores frente a la arremetida del gobierno de Lacalle Pou para hacer cambios en los planes educacionales de ese país. Ni decir lo que ocurre en con la crisis en Venezuela y las manifestaciones en Colombia contra el gobierno de Gustavo Petro. Chile fue un pionero si de manifestaciones anti sistema se trata, no olvidemos que en 2019 tuvimos un estallido social que derivó en un fallido intento de cambio constitucional que ahora tiene su segundo y, presumiblemente, último round.

Como Brasil acostumbra a hacer las cosas a un nivel siempre mayor, no emuló a las crisis de la región, sino que puso su mirada en Estados Unidos y el fallido intento de golpe azuzado por parte de los republicanos en el Congreso y por el expresidente Donald Trump, según concluyeron las investigaciones hechas por un Comité Especial de la Cámara de Representantes de ese país. Así fue como el 8 de enero de este año un grupo de bolsonaristas atacaron la Plaza de los Tres Poderes en Brasilia, lo que fue mayor al asalto del Congreso norteamericano, ya que en la plaza de Brasilia está la sede de la Corte Suprema, el Congreso y el Palacio de gobierno (Planalto). Además, el nivel de destrucción fue mayor, al igual que la cantidad de personas detenidas (1.200), de las cuales la mitad fueron liberadas por razones humanitarias (madres con hijos pequeños, personas mayores de 65 años, etc.). Los cargos por estos hechos son de suma gravedad: intento de golpe de estado, vandalismo, destrucción de propiedad pública, posesión de armas y robo.

Una de las cosas más llamativas es que, a diferencia del intento de golpe fallido en EE.UU., los medios de comunicación de modo mayoritario hablaron de terroristas, golpistas, vándalos, etc. La excepción fueron los medios estatales, que se refirieron a estos delincuentes como manifestantes. Esto ha tenido una consecuencia inmediata en la remoción de casi toda la directiva de la EBC (Empresa Brasil de Comunicación), que es una agencia estatal creada por el mismo Lula en 2007, durante su segundo mandato, como canal de difusión del gobierno federal. La administración de Bolsonaro había utilizado a la EBC con un fuerte tinte ideológico cristiano, llegando a transmitir la teleserie bíblica Los Diez Mandamientos de la TV Record (canal evangélico, cuyo dueño es cercano a Bolsonaro), adquiriendo los derechos de la serie por 3.2 millones de reales.

Este es el contexto de la remoción de la directiva de la EBC, una empresa estatal que está a merced del gobierno de turno. Por tanto, la interpretación de que Lula está coartando la libertad de prensa en Brasil es antojadiza, por decir lo menos. Lo que el actual presidente de Brasil está haciendo es un paso lógico del cambio de mando que se vio acelerado por los acontecimientos de comienzos de enero. Cuando los medios de comunicación privados llamaban el vandalismo por su nombre y más (terrorismo, golpismo, etc.) este medio federal calificaba a estos individuos de manifestantes. Tal como ocurre en Perú y pasó en Chile en 2019: una cosa es protestar y la otra es delinquir. Esa fue la razón por la que la exministra de Justicia, Ríos, estuvo a punto de ser acusada constitucionalmente. En el momento que la administración de Boric indultó a delincuentes, no presos políticos, las consecuencias políticas no se hicieron esperar en una sociedad crispada por la creciente delincuencia.

En Brasil, los delincuentes son de ultra derecha y hay cientos de personas detenidas y proceso de juicio por los delitos cometidos. La administración de Lula está actuando del mismo modo que lo haría cualquier otra tras un intento fallido de golpe de estado. Era absurdo pensar que tras este ataque no habría consecuencias serias y ya se están haciendo notar. Primero fue el cambio en la directiva de la EBC, poniendo una mujer a cargo, la periodista Kariane Costa, quien lleva diez años trabajando en la institución.

El segundo y lógico paso que dio Lula fue hacer un cambio en la Policía Federal (PF-PDI en equivalencia chilena) y en la Policía Rodoviária Federal (PRF- equivalente a Carabineros de Chile, pero que solo patrulla carreteras y caminos). La PF tuvo cambio de jefatura en 18 estados, mientras que la PRF en 26. En los estados más poblados e importantes, como son São Pablo y Rio de Janeiro, ambos directores fueron cambiados. Hay que recordar que el asalto a la Plaza de los Tres Poderes hubo policías bolsonaristas involucrados. Frente a esto, el primer cambio fue el de la jefatura de la PF del distrito federal, tras los ataques del 8 de enero. Todos los jefes estatales que fueron removidos habían sido nombrados por Bolsonaro y muchos de ellos eran abiertamente bolsonaristas, e incluso simpatizantes de los delincuentes que realizaron el asalto el 8 de enero.

Por tanto, ninguno de estos cambios atenta contra la democracia, sino que son parte lógica de un cambio que Lula debe llevar a cabo para restaurar aquello que había sido erosionado por el bolsonarismo cuando de democracia se trata. Recordemos que, en entrevista exclusiva con El Regionalista, durante la primera y segunda vuelta, el historiador Alberto Aggio predijo que una de las tareas de Lula sería restaurar aquellas instituciones que Bolsonaro había logrado cambiar a un punto corrosivamente antidemocrático. Estas medidas tomadas como resultado de un intento de golpe son lo más mínimo que Lula podría haber hecho de acuerdo a las circunstancias. Un cambio en medios de comunicación estatal era lógico luego de las provocaciones posataque del 8 de enero, con la entrevista a Flávio Bolsonaro (hijo del expresidente) y el llamar a los atacantes de manifestantes, a diferencia de todo el resto de la prensa. El otro, sin duda, era cambiar los altos mandos de las policías, entre las cuales se han encontrado simpatizantes y hasta participantes en los ataques al asalto acontecido el 8 de enero de este año.

Por tanto, estas medidas lejos de atentar contra la democracia, hacen lo contrario: intentan restaurar un orden democrático que había ido retrocediendo frente a los cambios que hizo Bolsonaro durante los 4 años de gobierno. En ese sentido, el proceso brasileño y el norteamericano tienen varias similitudes, porque Biden ha tenido que hacer cambios en el mismo sentido, debido a la erosión democrática de las instituciones estadounidenses. Lula, al igual que Biden, intenta con estos cambios restaurar la democracia a nivel institucional donde esta se vio mermada. Una de las preocupaciones principales fue la propagación de noticias falsas en Brasil durante ambas campañas presidenciales de Bolsonaro, algo que Lula ha condenado repetidamente. Por eso, el cambio en la EBC era tan importante para el mandatario brasileño. Por su parte, el cambio en las cúpulas de las policías era también algo natural que, seguramente, se vio agilizado por los acontecimientos del 8 de enero en Brasilia.

Los hechos ocurridos en Brasil en el primer mes de 2023 son los más graves desde el retorno de ese país a la democracia en 1985. No era posible pensar que hechos de tanta gravedad no tuvieran consecuencias ni jurídicas ni políticas. Es cierto que Brasil sostiene altos niveles de impunidad, tanto por las muertes acontecidas durante la dictadura militar (1964-1985) como las de personas que mueren a diario a manos del narcotráfico y la policía. También está la impunidad empresarial, como recordamos esta semana con el aniversario número cuatro de la peor tragedia provocada por la minería en ese país, la de Brumadinho de la empresa Vale en Minas Gerais, que cobró 250 muertos y que sigue en la impunidad a nivel judicial. Pueda ser que esta vez los gravísimos hechos ocurridos en Brasilia el 8 de enero no corran con la misma suerte y que podamos ver justicia para que no vuelva existir la tentación de interrumpir la democracia del país más grande de Sudamérica.

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252 comentarios en “Cambios posataque a la Plaza de los Tres Poderes en Brasilia”

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