Tras cada terremoto, vemos desfilar por las pantallas de televisión a expertos que intentan explicar el fenómeno y racionalizar nuestra experiencia de catástrofe. No obstante, en momentos de catástrofe, no cuestionamos como autoridad asignada a determinadas personas que “saben”, que “han estudiado” o que “entienden”. Por eso, este libro se pregunta, con la calma y la distancia del terremoto de 2010, ¿cómo llegaron a estar ahí frente a nuestros ojos revestidos de la soberanía del conocimiento sísmico?
Adriana Bastías
Chile es un país sísmico, tiembla seguido y lo constatamos cada vez que ocurre. Las personas suelen hacer bromas y memes, porque lo que para nosotro@s es un temblor, en otros países del mundo lo consideran un terremoto. Lo que explica que en Chile haya más terremotos que en otros países es su ubicación, justo al límite entre dos placas tectónicas. Pero, ¿qué son las placas tectónicas? Las placas son fragmentos de superficie terrestre que se mueven entre sí con 3 tipos de movimientos: algunas placas se acercan, otras se separan y otras se mueven de lado en relación unas con otras. En el caso de Chile, la placa tectónica de Nazca se hunde por debajo de la placa Sudamericana, entre 6 a 8 cm por año.
El terremoto más fuerte que jamás se haya registrado en el mundo, de 9,5 de magnitud, ocurrió en Valdivia en 1960. Y, es probable que, todas las personas que nacen y viven en Chile enfrentarán, al menos, un gran terremoto durante su vida. Esta realidad ha permitido que en Chile se haya adquirido conocimiento importante sobre los terremotos, qué hacer frente a uno de ellos y cómo mejorar nuestras construcciones.
Hace poco, se publicó el libro Todos los temblores después del terremoto. Configurar la experticia en un país sísmico, cuya autora es Lorena B. Valderrama, quien es doctora y magíster en Historia de la Ciencia y Comunicación Científica de la Universitat de València y periodista de la Universidad de Chile. Actualmente, se desempeña como académica del Departamento de Periodismo de la Universidad Alberto Hurtado (UAH), es directora alterna del Centro de Estudios en Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad e integrante del Comité Evaluador del Programa de Ciencia Pública del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación de Chile. La Dra. Valderrama se ha especializado en la producción y circulación de la ciencia y la tecnología, durante los siglos XIX y XX, principalmente en el papel que desempeñan las instituciones públicas y los medios de comunicación en la construcción del riesgo, las controversias sociotécnicas y la configuración de experticias. Dirige el proyecto Fondecyt, “Lo que auguran los astros: representación de saberes científicos y legitimación de expertos en la prensa diaria chilena”, donde estudia cómo los medios de comunicación construyen socialmente el riesgo de desastres en Chile. Pertenece a la Asociación Red de Investigadoras de Chile y la Asociación Chilena de Periodistas y Profesionales para la Comunicación de la Ciencia. Amablemente, accedió a conversar con El Regionalista.
¿Cómo surge la idea que generar el libro Todos los temblores después del terremoto. Configurar la experticia en un país sísmico?
Deviene de mi investigación doctoral, en la cual estudié cómo se construye el conocimiento sísmico en nuestro país. Dado que existía la necesidad de una historia de la sismología nacional más compleja, que pudiera dar cuenta de todos los actores que participaron de ella, y de la creación del Servicio Sismológico Nacional que funciona hasta hoy, bajo el nombre de Centro Sismológico Nacional.
¿Por qué crees que es importante desarrollar estos temas en un país como Chile?
Chile es uno de los países más sísmicos del mundo y, aunque no nos es desconocida la historia de estos eventos, nos hemos centrado en la gestión de la emergencia y las consecuencias de los desastres socio-naturales, pero hemos reparado poco en la movilización de recursos y conocimientos que se despliega en cada terremoto y, sobre todo, conocer cómo se forman los expertos en estas materias. Muchas veces creemos que un experto o experta es quien estudia y sabe mucho de un tema, pero la verdad es que la experticia es móvil y mutable. Y siempre ser experto o experta ante otro (usualmente varón), que considera y legitima tu experticia como científica. Por tanto, no es una condición que pueda certificarse en una comunidad disciplinar con estándares rígidos y claros, sino que está dada por interés y valores culturales y sociales.
¿De qué se trata tu libro? ¿Qué podemos encontrar en él?
Trata sobre cómo se construyen los expertos en sismología tras el catastrófico terremoto de Valparaíso en 1906, que dejó más de tres mil muertos, posibilitó variadas acciones, entre ellas el desarrollo del estudio sísmico. En medio de la emergencia del desastre, la ciencia tuvo un lugar privilegiado, dado que se constituyeron comisiones de investigación, se contrataron especialistas y se crearon treinta y cuatro observatorios, que conformaron el Servicio Sismológico de Chile. Este libro se concentra en el estudio de las personas que participaron de la construcción y legitimación del conocimiento sísmico en Chile, a inicios del siglo XX, la cual fue múltiple y diversa. Sin embargo, muchos de los actores que aparecen en el libro han sido ignorados por la historia de la ciencia en Chile, como es el caso de los predictores de terremotos, informantes, profesores de colegio, sacerdotes y marinos, entre otros.
Tu libro se destaca por tratar sobre la legitimación de expertos, tras el catastrófico terremoto de Valparaíso en 1906. ¿Qué tipo de reflexiones podemos encontrar en él?
Tras cada terremoto, vemos desfilar por las pantallas de televisión a expertos que intentan explicar el fenómeno y racionalizar nuestra experiencia de catástrofe. No obstante, en momentos de catástrofe, no cuestionamos como autoridad asignada a determinadas personas que “saben”, que “han estudiado” o que “entienden”; se ha legitimado ante nuestros ojos. Por eso, este libro se pregunta, con la calma y la distancia del terremoto de 2010, ¿cómo llegaron a estar ahí frente a nuestros ojos revestidos de la soberanía del conocimiento sísmico? Para la toma de decisiones y el diseño de políticas públicas, ya sea en materia de economía, educación, obras públicas, salud y medioambiente. De esta manera, los espacios de configuración de experticias son variados: la justicia, la industria, las agencias consultoras, etc., los que permiten construir una identidad profesional. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, la experticia se fue configurando en nuevos campos del tejido social, buscando maneras de mantener su autoridad inestable, dentro y fuera de la academia, del Estado y la sociedad. Y esta experticia se constituye siempre ante un otro, cuya construcción es atravesada por procesos de negociación, transformación y resistencia que se dan en los contextos sociales, políticos, legales y económicos, en los cuales se configura la experticia o autoridad. En dichos contextos, la posibilidad de formar parte de redes locales o globales, su género, su nacionalidad, su profesión, su origen étnico, sus recursos y su liderazgo en proyectos de investigación, les conferirá autoridad y pertinencia a algunas personas para el cumplimiento de determinadas tareas, y otras quedarán relegadas en el campo de los legos, los amateurs o los no expertos. Por eso, se dice que la experticia se hace; no está dada por reunir ciertas cualidades, se va armando en el tiempo y se construye siempre ante otro, que legitima esa experticia. No basta con cumplir ciertos requisitos objetivos y medibles.
¿Cuál es la parte del libro o sección que más destacarías?
Destacaría el papel de la prensa en la legitimación social y científica de los sismólogos. A diferencia de otras disciplinas, la sismología construyó sus datos con las noticias de prensa en un primer momento y luego, con los instrumentos. Mucho de los que sabemos, hoy en día, sobre zonas sísmicas se lo debemos a los testimonios de sobrevivientes que publicaban sus experiencias en diarios, periódicos y revistas, que eran recortadas por catalogadores de terremotos. Estos catálogos sísmicos fueron el motor de la sismología del siglo XIX, y constituyeron la base de conocimiento sísmico en el siglo XX. Fueron y son una fuente científica valiosa, que se dejó luego de lado por el progresivo perfeccionamiento de los instrumentos de medición. Pero, ver un caso donde la prensa no sea sólo para divulgar conocimiento, sino que sirva para construirlos, es claramente único en las relaciones de prensa y ciencia que hemos visto en otros campos disciplinares.
¿Por qué es importante contar con una memoria sísmica y sus consecuencias en un país como Chile?
Porque lo que nos permite conservar los conocimientos en el tiempo es la memoria. Sin memoria social, sin memoria ambiental y de nuestra relación con el entorno geográfico, no podemos tomar decisiones en el presente. Si omitimos el pasado, corremos el enorme riesgo de repetir malas decisiones. La memoria local y el rescate de personas que han aportado al conocimiento de todo tipo sin, necesariamente, tener las credenciales permite dimensionar todos los problemas y desafíos que enfrentamos como sociedad en su profundidad, diversidad y complejidad. Mirar el pasado nos entrega herramientas valiosas para comprender la condición humana, y la importancia de la cultura y los valores sociales en la toma de decisiones técnicas y políticas.
Terremoto de Chillán – 1939 
Terremoto de Valdivia – 1960 
Terremoto zona central 1985 – Algarrobo
¿Cuál es el público objetivo al cual está dirigido el libro?
A un público general adulto, interesado en temas de terremotos. No es un libro escrito para académicos, sino para personas que gustan de la historia nacional que no ha sido contada.
¿Dónde podemos conseguir su libro?
El libro se puede conseguir en Ediciones UAH, Patagonia, la Librería del GAM, La Casa del Libro, BuscaLibre y Amazon.
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