La peor crisis política del Perú

En entrevista exclusiva, la politóloga peruana Ruth Acevedo Cruces nos explica lo que está ocurriendo en el Perú que, según nos dijo, atraviesa la peor crisis política de su historia, lo que es bastante decir en un país que atravesó por golpes, dictaduras, guerrillas, presidentes presos y suicidados. Además, nos anuncia la posible renuncia de Dina Boluarte a la presidencia de su país.

A.C. Mercado-Harvey

Con preocupación observamos desde este lado de la cordillera lo que ocurre en el Perú, un importante socio comercial y país con el que compartimos fronteras, cultura y lenguas. Perú es un país acostumbrado a ver crisis políticas desde su incepción en el siglo XIX, cuando fue uno de los últimos países en conseguir su independencia de España. Con una tremenda riqueza cultural indígena, cuna de una gran civilización e imperio como fue el Inca, Perú no logra la tan anhelada estabilidad política que le permita a la mayor parte de su pueblo salir de la pobreza y convertirse en un país si no desarrollado, al menos con una mejor distribución de la riqueza. Perú es un país de contrastes, bien graficado por sus magníficos escritores como César Vallejo, Bryce Echeñique, Vargas Llosa y muchos otros. Sin ir más lejos el Premio Alfaguara 2023, anunciado esta semana, se lo ganó el escritor peruano Gustavo Rodríguez con su novela Cien Cuyes.

Sin embargo, no son las felices noticias literarias lo que nos ocupan, sino la tremenda encrucijada en la que se encuentra tras el fallido intento de golpe del expresidente Pedro Castillo, su posterior arresto y las protestas que se desencadenaron tras este hecho. El resultado es que hasta el momento hay 51 muertos, con altos grados de violencia, policías y civiles heridos, con una economía paralizada, una inflación acelerada, más de 145 carreteras bloqueadas, un tremendo incendio en el centro histórico de Lima, toma sincronizada de aeropuertos claves y con estado de emergencia en 3 regiones. En entrevista exclusiva, la politóloga peruana Ruth Acevedo Cruces nos explica lo que está ocurriendo en el vecino país que, según nos dijo, atraviesa la peor crisis política de su historia, lo que es bastante decir en un país que atravesó por golpes, dictaduras, guerrillas, presidentes presos y suicidados.

¿Cómo crees que ha manejado Dina Boluarte la crisis actual?

Creo que la presidenta no ha tenido una estrategia clara para manejar la crisis desde el inicio. Desde el momento que toma juramento, el 7 de diciembre de 2022 hasta la fecha, o sea, mes y medio, no tiene una real lectura de lo que está sucediendo y, por ende, ha venido brote tras brote de violencia en las regiones de manera descentralizada. Tenemos regiones paralizadas completamente, eso significa que  su equipo de manejo de crisis no está viendo los análisis de inteligencia, no está viendo las filtraciones, no han habido espacios de diálogo o convocatorias para ello. Tampoco ha sacado provecho de los intermediarios en el proceso de diálogo y esto ha generado una visión muy polarizada de la crisis, que no está ayudando a tener espacios de paz y diálogo. Hay una agenda de las personas que están protestando a nivel nacional y es una agenda que ha variado, desde hace ya 3 semanas.

¿Tiene alguna credibilidad la acusación de la presidenta de que los manifestantes están siendo coercionados por sindicatos?

Lo que está sucediendo en el Perú, después de 5 semanas de la toma del poder de Dina Boluarte, tras el fallido golpe de estado de Pedro Castillo, es muy complicado, pero yo diría que aquí no hay ni revolución ni terrorismo, no hay ninguno de esos extremos. Lo que está pasando es un evidente crisis de representación, por la gran descomposición del sistema político. Hay una gran pérdida de legitimidad del sistema que ha trasladado todos los conflictos a la calle. La gente no ve que los medios institucionales, formales, de diálogo hayan dado resultado y la gente se ha tomado las calles y están, creo yo, demandando necesidades históricas. Aquí no es algo de los últimos gobiernos, sino que es histórico, es una agenda social de brecha que se ha profundizado, que se hizo muy visible durante la pandemia y hay un hartazgo popular que no solamente está llevando a una agenda política pro-Castillo, sino más una agenda social. Hay, también, una represión y una polarización que está profundizando aún más esta crisis.

¿Ves factible adelantar las elecciones?

Muchos expertos electorales han señalado que sí es posible llevar un proceso de elecciones exprés que nos lleve a elegir al próximo presidente del Perú en unas elecciones generales, que incluye también al parlamento, en octubre

y que estaría juramentando a la presidencia en diciembre de este año. Lo que sucede es que, también, vemos un Congreso cuya agenda no está por irse pronto, entonces eso se está aplazando, postergando por el tema de las elecciones adelantadas. Aquí hay muchos intereses de por medio y lo que están haciendo las autoridades es dejar de escuchar el reclamo de la gente y eso, finalmente, hace que las personas desconozcan a sus autoridades y haya una especie de sensación de anarquismo, por no respuesta de las autoridades que ellos han elegido.

¿Qué explica las manifestaciones: un apoyo real a Castillo o un descontento general?

Podemos decir que a comienzos de diciembre, cuando el expresidente Castillo tuvo un intento fallido de golpe de estado y después fue preso y viene siguiendo un proceso de investigación por parte del ministerio público y está en prisión preventiva, creo que la agenda en ese momento era la injusticia contra Pedro Castillo, era buscar su libertad y, hasta cierto punto, reponer a Castillo en el poder. Hasta la fecha, habrá un 5% que tiene esa agenda, pero la gran mayoría tiene una de demandas históricas, de desigualdad, que está cansado de un sistema político, pero también de un sistema económico y social que no ha funcionado para ellos en décadas. Un sistema donde son tan visibles las desigualdades, de brecha social. Es más, un sistema que viene amparado por una clase política que decepciona. Hoy en día las marchas tienen una agenda distinta. Si bien, ha habido acciones de violencia que deben ser juzgadas, pero también hay movimientos, organizaciones sociales que se vienen dando, organizando a nivel de las regiones con una agenda que va más allá de la política y creo que eso la clase política está omitiendo escuchar.

¿Ves alguna solución a la crisis en el corto plazo?

No se debería discutir la legitimidad de la presidente Dina Boluarte, ella es sucesora de Castillo de manera constitucional y legítima y eso debe comunicarse por todas las vías a nivel país, pero creo que, a pesar de este mes y medio de mal manejo de la crisis, se avecina una respuesta de renuncia de la presidenta y la continuación de la toma de mando de quien es el presidente del Congreso. Estamos ad portas del cambio de mesa directiva, habrá un nuevo presidente o presidenta del Congreso y eso también lo hace desafiante, porque hay muchos intereses partidarios en liderar este proceso de transición a las próximas elecciones. A la fecha hay 51 muertos, bajo la gestión de Boluarte, ha habido un manejo de la crisis sin inteligencia, sin voceros políticos que sean claves, con experiencia y que conozcan al Perú y los movimientos regionales. A pesar que la presidente viene de Apurima, una de las regiones con el índice de pobreza más alto, está rodeada de muchos tecnócratas limeños y eso ha hecho que haya perdido esa mirada descentralizadora que tenía antes. A la fecha, se encuentra muy desacreditada. Ella comenzó con una luna de miel entre el Congreso, los medios de comunicación, los distintos sectores académicos y sociales, pero lo ha perdido, ese crédito democrático. Lo más probable es que se venga su renuncia.

Creo que en algo hay que ser claros: la violencia, la destrucción, la pérdida de vidas nos estremece a todos los peruanos, más allá de las posiciones que tengamos cada uno. Enluta a todo Perú, en eso estamos todos unidos. Hay que decir las cosas como son: atacar aeropuertos, instituciones, bloquear carreteras, poner en riesgo la vida, la salud y el sustento de los peruanos, que se ven a afectados por lo que está sucediendo en las distintas regiones del país, estas no son formas de protesta; son delitos. Hay que saber resolver nuestros conflictos pacíficamente. El Perú está llamado a ver, pero para eso necesitamos liderazgos que sepan cuándo ceder y cuándo terminar su ciclo y no estar en el poder por estar ahí, sino que uno siente que va a aportar y ser parte de la solución y creo que, en este momento, en los distintos frentes se ve a una Dina Boluarte muy desgastada en su palabra, para poder llevar esto a buen fin. Esto debería ser un llamado a ir pensando en cómo vamos sosteniendo nuestra democracia. Porque para tener ciudadanos que piensan que la democracia ya no es una forma, un sistema de cómo debieran funcionar las cosas en el país es porque algo ha sucedido y, finalmente, el precio de la democracia es saber invertir y dar espacios verdaderos de voz, de participación de manera abierta a todos los peruan@s.

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