Poblar San Fernando no fue tarea fácil: la gente se rehusaba una y otra vez a ocupar los terrenos ofrecidos en San Fernando, siendo amenazados, en 1746 , los que desafiaban la vida urbana con el embargo de los bienes. Pero ocurre un evento trágico, el 25 de mayo de 1751: un gran terremoto sacude gran parte de la zona central del país, provocando la destrucción de ciudades como Concepción, Chillán, Cauquenes, Talca y Curicó. Este desastre socio-natural provocará la emigración de importante parte de esa población a ciudades a la zona central, entre ellas San Fernando.
Víctor León Donoso
Desde el inicio de la Conquista de Chile, la fundación de ciudades respondía a objetivos estratégicos, con el objetivo de concentrar el poder político, religioso, económico y social de amplios territorios y consolidar la dominación sobre los pueblos aborígenes. Luego del levantamiento Mapuche de Curalaba (1598), junto con el fin de la conquista, se produce un proceso de ruralización social, provocando una dispersión de la población, que conlleva a no conseguir un control de ella. Esto fue un factor decisivo que incitó a la Corona a vincular esta situación con problemas como la delincuencia o vagabundaje, como lo menciona el corregidor de Aconcagua, Pedro Cañas: “en el campo vive la gente viciosa y libertina”. A partir de lo anterior, la Corona de España deberá buscar soluciones estableciendo un discurso en que se atribuye a la ciudad el objetivo civilizador.
Con la llegada de la Dinastía Borbónica a la Corona de España, se instalará una nueva forma de orden político, propio del Despotismo Ilustrado, teniendo como objetivo el reordenamiento territorial; por tanto, se implantará la necesidad de concentrar la población aborigen, en los pueblos de indios, y la población española y mestiza, en ciudades o villas.
El gobernador que lideró la fundación de ciudades, durante el siglo XVIII, fue José Antonio Manso de Velasco, a quien le preocupaba la falta de asentamientos urbanos entre Santiago y Concepción, sumado a la necesidad de concentrar a la población criolla para controlarla política, económica y religiosamente. El trabajo de Manso de Velasco comenzará en 1739, cuando expone a los hacendados de la zona central la solicitud de terrenos necesarios para la fundación de ciudades, argumentando los beneficios que traería para ellos, como la concentración y mejor manejo de mano de obra, el aumento del valor de sus terrenos, y la conexión con mayores mercados. Dentro de estos estancieros, respondieron en Colchagua Juan Jiménez de León y su esposa Ana María Morales, quienes destinarán 450 cuadras pertenecientes a la Estancia Lircunlauta. El Gobernador Manso de Velasco aceptó la donación de terrenos en 1742, y el 17 de mayo del mismo año se hizo presente junto a otros vecinos para su reconocimiento, logrando establecer el lugar adecuado para la Plaza de Armas. Luego, la comitiva se hizo presente en San Antonio de Malloa (sede del gobierno local), levantando el Acta de Fundación de San Fernando. A los pocos días, el 29 de mayo, se realiza la mensura de los terrenos, desde el punto de la Plaza de Armas y orientándose de norte a sur, trazaron las primeras cuadras de la planta urbana. Desde ese momento, vendrían circunstancias complejas, como hacer atractivo el nuevo poblado para los habitantes dispersos por los valles de Colchagua, acostumbrados a la vida en un medio rural, ligados a la tierra de su sustento, obligándolos a dejar sus casas y edificar, sumado al propio desarraigo cultural que provocaba.
El asentamiento de la población en el naciente Villa San Fernando El Real de Tinguiririca tendrá dificultades durante las primeras décadas, principalmente, debido a que los vecinos permanecían unos pocos meses y, luego, retornaban a sus antiguas casas o se negaban a poblar los sitios asignados. Las autoridades españolas, preocupadas por el fracaso de la política fundacional, tomarán distintas medidas, como el sancionar a quienes no cumplieran este enmarcado. Por ejemplo, en Bandos del Corregidor Gisbert en 1743, donde obliga tomar sitios a las familias que vivían en ranchos de las estancias, bajo pena de confiscarle sus bienes, quemarle sus viviendas y desterrarlos del Reino. También, a los hacendados se les prohibió albergar a individuos o familias extrañas. Pero la población, a pesar de las leyes draconianas impuestas, no se trasladarán a San Fernando; por tanto, cada vez la autoridad interponía nuevos reglamentos más severos, emanando así el Bando para la Doctrina de la Estrella, donde se mencionan a 121 individuos que debían tomar sitios en plazo de ocho días.
Dentro de este engorroso proceso, la Villa de San Fernando comenzaba a tomar forma, situando a los nobles o la elite alrededor de la plaza, y a los mercaderes e individuos de oficios mecánicos en calles aledañas. Pero aún presentaba un aspecto desolado, con algunos pocos ranchos de adobe con techo de paja y sitios sin demarcar. Al poco tiempo, los vecinos de nuevo se resistían a habitar San Fernando y, aprovechando el período de cosechas en las haciendas, se asentaban en sectores rurales para no regresar a la ciudad. Esto estimuló nuevos reglamentos como el emitido en noviembre de 1744, donde se amenaza con multas o hasta el destierro a Valparaíso. Instituciones como el Cabildo, creado en San Fernando el 9 de diciembre de 1744, estipulará una serie de beneficios que pretendían avivar el desarrollo de la villa, como: montos especiales para fomentar la industria de tejidos de lino y lana, que los extranjeros que poblasen San Fernando tendrían los mismos derechos que los españoles, los dueños de pulperías no pagarían el Real Derecho o que los vecinos quedaban relevados de su obligación de montar guardia. A lo anterior, se suma el decreto emanado por Manso de Velasco el 16 de junio de 1745: “los hacendados avecindados tenían derecho a la preferencia de los trabajadores, a jornal; en el fletamiento de las carretas y mulas y en la compra de tierras, chacras, ganados y toda especie de comestibles y no comestibles”.
A pesar de todas las disposiciones, la población se rehusaba una y otra vez a ocupar los terrenos ofrecidos en San Fernando, siendo amenazados, en 1746, con el embargo de los bienes, a los que desafiaban la vida urbana. Pero ocurre un evento trágico, el 25 de mayo de 1751, un gran terremoto sacude gran parte de la zona central del país, provocando la destrucción de ciudades como Concepción, Chillán, Cauquenes, Talca y Curicó. Este desastre socio natural provocará la emigración de importante población de estas ciudades a la zona central, siendo San Fernando una de las escogidas.
De a poco, el nuevo poblado irá tomando apariencia urbana. Las instituciones tradicionales tendrán su formación, dentro de los primeros cinco años, donde se establece la cárcel, oficinas parroquiales, el Hospicio de San Francisco, y hasta un colegio de la orden Jesuita, que ya, a comienzos de 1745, contaba con 19 jóvenes. Pero estas nuevas construcciones tenían como característica la precariedad en su edificación, así lo refleja la primera iglesia, cuyo techo era de paja y carente de ornamentos o el mismo Cabildo que tenía su edificio en 1751, pero que se comentaba: “Demasiado indecorosa y en que no hay ni una mesa, ni un cajón para guardar libros de acuerdos”.
Las dificultades se observan hasta en la falta de cierres entre los distintos terrenos, causando problemas con los animales que deambulaban sin control. Un ejemplo de ello, cuando el vecino Lázaro Lira mató a palos a un potrillo de dueño desconocido y, también, mató de un “chuzazo” a un buey de Pedro Ávila. Estas vicisitudes son descritas en las actas del Cabildo, como en 1770: “Charcas de agua estancada impedían el tráfico del vecindario, aún de las personas de caballo. En la misma plaza se hacían unos atolladeros peligrosos y pestilentes y fétidos que corrompían el aire”. A pesar de los retrasos y deficiencias que mostraba San Fernando, el rol fiscalizador de las autoridades coloniales resaltaba con un interés de adoctrinar y someter a la población mestiza e indígena, tal como sucedió con la reducción indígena cercana a San Fernando en el Tambo de Malloa, a quienes se les acusaba por “vivir amancebados y no oír misa”. La autoridad preparó incursiones a esta reducción, pero estos una y otra vez se alejaban de allí, al mero ladrido de los perros que anunciaban la llegada del español. Finalmente, logran atrapar a nueve indias solteras que pronto huirán o serán rescatadas.
San Fernando no fue un caso ajeno a la realidad del siglo XVIII, el proceso fundacional del Chile central presentó problemas, como es el difícil desarraigo de la sociedad al mundo rural para volver a realizar una nueva forma de vida, organización y sociabilidad unida a instituciones propias de la Corona española.
Antiguo Hospital 
Vista de la Cárcel 
Liceo Neandro Schilling
Bibliografía:
Luis Amesti “Fundación de la villa de San Fernando” en revista Boletín Academia Chilena Historia. N°7. Stgo., 1936.
Francisco Javier Tirado “El espacio y poder: Michel Foucault y la crítica de la Historia”.
Santiago Lorenzo “Concepto y funciones de las villas chilenas en el siglo XVIII” en Revista del Instituto de Historia. Santiago, 1987.
Santiago Lorenzo “Origen de las ciudades chilenas” Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago, 1986.
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