Mujeres y ciencia en Chile: relatos autobiográficos de investigadoras del siglo XXI

Adriana Bastías estuvo en la presentación del libro Mujeres y Ciencia en Chile: relatos autobiográficos de investigadoras del siglo XXI, compilado por Mariana Paludi y publicado por ediciones Universidad Mayor. Siempre hablamos de la necesidad de tener más mujeres en ciencias, pero debemos conversar sobre generar espacios adecuados para su desarrollo. Sin duda, libros y proyectos como este van en la dirección correcta.

Adriana Bastías

En esta oportunidad les comparto la presentación del libro Mujeres y Ciencia en Chile: relatos autobiográficos de investigadoras del siglo XXI, compilado por Mariana Paludi y publicado por ediciones Universidad Mayor, cuyo lanzamiento se realizó el martes 13 de septiembre, en el Centro Gabriela Mistral, en Santiago.

En la lectura de este libro descubrí 20 historias de investigadoras actuales, en un relato que es ameno de leer y muy honesto. Son 20 testimonios donde es posible encontrar una diversidad de realidades, que tienen en común el que quienes escriben poseen estudios superiores a la media de la población chilena, siendo parte de una elite, en cuanto a grados y conocimientos. Y esta realidad, muchas veces discutida, nos hace acordarnos que fueron mujeres parecidas a nosotras a quienes les debemos el sufragio femenino, por ejemplo. Me atrevo a decir, que todas quienes han llegado a este punto son personas altamente resilientes, capaces de enfrentar un espacio como el académico, que fue pensado y creado desde la mirada masculina; es cosa de recordar que por siglos la educación superior no fue un lugar donde las mujeres podíamos acceder. Y hemos avanzado, gracias a mujeres que han abierto espacios, que han roto cadenas y prejuicios. Y a cada generación nos ha tocado y les tocará enfrentar dilemas y problemas que van evolucionando junto a las problemáticas de la sociedad.

La teórica del arte e investigadora teatral, Alejandra Morales, señala en el libro: “Si tuviese que definir el desarrollo de mi carrera como investigadora en una sola frase esta sería: la extraña inquietud de sentirse una extranjera al ingresar en un nuevo campo. He decidido comenzar con dicha frase a modo de metáfora de las dificultades que hasta hace poco se debían enfrentar al intentar asumir una formación interdisciplinaria en nuestro país, particularmente para el caso de una mujer, siempre extranjera en los mundos producidos tradicionalmente por hombres”.

No todas las mujeres somos iguales, y es aquí cuando entran a jugar las interseccionalidades que podemos encontrar en este libro. Encontramos investigadoras, cuyos padres poseen estudios universitarios, otras que son primera generación de ingreso a la universidad, algunas nacieron en Chile, otras adoptaron nuestro país como el lugar donde quedarse, algunas tuvieron hijos e hijas muy jóvenes y otras sobre los 40, podemos ver y palpar distintas etnias y orígenes entre estas 20 mujeres. Realidades que se intersectan y forman parte de la historia de vida de estas investigadoras.

La farmacóloga, Trinidad Mariqueo, nos cuenta parte de su historia de vida, y las dificultades que ha superado para ser investigadora: “Nací en una familia muy especial, como lo son todas las familias de clase media baja, sin nada más que sueños en los bolsillos. Mi padre es mapuche y mi madre chilena, vivíamos en un lugar cerca de las montañas, no había nada de lo que conocemos hoy, ni calles pavimentadas, baño, ducha caliente, teléfonos, internet, ni comida chatarra entre otros. Teníamos una televisión, pero mi papá nos prohibía verla porque decía que daban puras tonterías (con mucha razón, ahora lo entiendo). Mi papá era muy estricto conmigo y mi hermana, los estudios era lo único que nos podía salvar de toda esa miseria, solía pensar. Yo nunca percibí nuestro pequeño mundo como algo miserable. Lo tenía todo, porque los tenía a ellos, mi papá y mi mamá eran como dos robles, no importaba lo que pasaba siempre lucían fuertes. Mi madre fue abandonada a su suerte cuando tenía 7 años, mi padre vivió una infancia en la que se vulneraron todos sus derechos de niño. Con estos antecedentes el pronóstico para nuestras vidas no era muy promisorio”.

Nuestras carreras han tenido distintas dificultades, incluso con otras mujeres en posiciones de poder, y han afectado nuestra salud física y mental. La bioquímica Paola Murgas nos dice al respecto: “Por supuesto, las emociones guardadas me pasaron la cuenta y tuve una depresión bastante profunda, que supe sacar adelante a punta de sicóloga, danza y el amor de mi familia y la vida me entrego el mejor regalo que pude tener el 18 de agosto de 2014, mi hijo Ignacio, que significa fuego). Durante el posdoctorado, aprendí a no dejarme llevar por nadie, me lo prometí y lo cumplí; obvio que eso trajo roces, enojos y consecuencias de las que no me arrepiento. Sin todo lo que viví y todo lo que aprendí, no sería quien soy, no tendría la fuerza que tengo y las ganas de seguir luchando”.

Mientras que la ingeniera civil industrial, Paula Quiroz, nos cuenta cómo fue generando redes: “en mi corta etapa de investigadora los puntos más difíciles han sido conocer y comprender el entorno, conocer y generar nuevas redes, porque al inicio trabajaba sola, muchas veces enviaba mails que nadie respondía hasta que me contacté con Katherina, una investigadora de género y emprendimiento chilena que ahora está en Perú, que me ayudó a incorporarme a redes académicas, por ella conocí a Rocío y otras investigadoras que trabajan en temas de emprendimiento femenino. Con ella, también viaje a un congreso en Colombia al que viajamos las tres y fue una tremenda experiencia”.

Muchas de nosotras hemos roto nuestros propios límites, impuestos por la época o lugar en que nacimos, a veces autoimpuestos. Lorena Bearzotti, ingeniera, responde a cómo rompió sus propios límites: “No soy lo que esperaba que fuera, escape de la norma de mi lugar de nacimiento, escapé incluso a la tradición familiar de las mujeres, traspasé los límites que yo misma me había impuesto, pero fundamentalmente me construí gracias a mi gente, que pese a todo me dio las alas para que pudiera ser aquello que no esperaba, me dio el nido para volver a cargar las energías, me dio su experiencia, sus enseñanzas, su amor, su protección”.

Una de las preguntas claves fue, ¿qué les impulsó a seguir la carrera académica? Las respuestas son diversas, la antropóloga y enfermera matrona, Amaya Pavez nos cuenta: “Al revisar mi paseo vital, identifico los grandes obstáculos que tuve que superar para llegar donde estoy hoy. Soy la expresión de la posibilidad negada para un colectivo de mujeres. Es el feminismo y el género que me hicieron más fácil el afrontamiento de los escollos, porque estos están marcados por mi condición de mujer, perteneciente a una cultura con fuerte impronta hegemónica. Ser en origen de la ciencia de enfermería (la academia chilena no lo perdona), y por supuesto, la edad, dado que retomé el camino de la investigación después de un desfase de 20 años con mis coetáneas académicas. Esta certeza me da la fuerza para contribuir en la formación de otras mujeres que inician el camino de investigadoras. Soy parte del continuo de mujeres que construimos oportunidades para todas, aunque ellas no lo sepan, pero lo vivan”.

Hay mujeres que nos cuentan sobre sus temas de investigación, por ejemplo, la bióloga Daniela Rivera: “No miento si digo que un par de veces me llevé el susto de mi vida. Al trabajar con serpientes nocturnas, debía registrar su conducta desde el anochecer hasta las primeras horas del amanecer con tan solo una linterna en la cabeza como luz. En muchas ocasiones, me topé con jochis (el roedor más grande de la selva amazónica) o puercoespines arborícolas que salían de la nada o, lo peor, grandes cucarachas voladoras que hasta el día de hoy me aterrorizan”.

Sabemos que, por el hecho de ser mujeres, nuestras carreras muchas veces son cuesta arriba, y que las tareas de cuidados, de niñas, niños, adolescentes y cada vez más de personas adultas mayores recae en nosotras. Y durante nuestra carrera, quienes hemos decidido ser madres, hemos sido cuestionadas. La microbióloga y vicerrectora de la Universidad Mayor, Nicole Trefault, nos relata: “A pesar de que desde la época de estudiante de pregrado era consciente de las brechas de género en ciencias, y que era común escuchar tanto en la U Chile como en la PUC, comentarios del estilo ‘la ciencia y las mujeres con familia no son compatibles…’, ‘las mujeres tienen que hacer mayores sacrificios que los hombres para dedicarse a esto…’ etc. (sin contar otros múltiplos comentarios misóginos a los que todas las mujeres, sin excepción, nos hemos tenido que enfrentar y que ni siquiera vale la pena referir aquí), empezaron a aparecer con más evidencia estadísticas de adjudicación de proyectos entre hombres y mujeres o, al menos, yo empecé a tomarle más peso a estos datos”.

También, podemos encontrar el relato de la bióloga Jennifer Alfaro: “Durante el periodo de cesantía tuve una entrevista, yo pensé que había salido bien, era para hacerme cargo de un laboratorio. Lo malo fue que posterior a la entrevista un conocido me preguntó a nombre de persona a cargo de esa empresa, si es que estaba en mis planes ser madre en el próximo año. La pregunta me molesto tanto que no pude evitar descargarme con el mensajero. No podía creer que en esta época se siguiera preguntando algo así”.

Cuando se discute el número de mujeres en las ciencias, es habitual escuchar sobre los modelos de rol y quien nos apoyó e inspiró a seguir estudiando y perfeccionándonos. Madres, abuelas, padres, profesoras y profesores surgen en los relatos. La musicóloga Natalia Bieletto-Bueno nos señala: “Pero ¿por qué comenzar un artículo sobre Mujeres en la Ciencia hablando de mis abuelas, la sanguínea y la putativa, y de aspectos tan íntimos, familiares y domésticos como quien ha lavado, cocinado, atendido las necesidades domésticas y gestionado las emociones, economía y administración del hogar? Bueno, porque lo doméstico es “político”, tal como sostiene Rita Segato y porque la posición en que ahora estamos las mujeres profesionales se debe en una gran medida a la explotación, la invisibilidad laboral y las cargas extras asumidas por las mujeres de las generaciones anteriores a nosotras: nuestras abuelas, madres, tías, nanas y vecinas”.

La historiadora Hillary Hiner nos cuenta: “Nadie nunca me dijo que no podía hacer algo porque era niña, al contrario. Y el trabajo más importante en ese sentido es el de mi madre, Susan Carrol. Fue ella quien me enseñó a leer y me inculcó un amor profundo por los libros y los conocimientos. Fue ella, quien me dijo siempre que yo era muy inteligente y que lo podía hacer. Fue ella quien me habló por primera vez de las feministas, de las razones por las cuales no quería usar sostenes y porque no había querido tomar el apellido de mi padre tampoco: porque eran cosas que le oprimían y no le gustaban y que no tenía por qué aceptar. Ha estado en cada examen, partido, postulación y graduación, en los momentos felices y los momentos difíciles de mi vida”.

La bióloga marina Daniela Farias relata: “Recuerdo mi infancia pasar los sábados en la mañana viendo los documentales de Jacques Cousteau bajo el mar, explorando barcos hundidos y las fantásticas criaturas. Amaba ver esa tranquilidad, paz y tranquilidad y me preguntaba si existía la carrera de Arqueología marina”.

La física Fabiola Arévalo nos habla sobre quien la impulso a hacer difusión de la ciencia: “En esa época me daban vueltas las palabras de un profesor que siempre nos decía, “a ver, calcula cuantas viviendas sociales se pueden construir en un año de tu sueldo de postgrado. El trabajo y el esfuerzo que uno hace debe ser equivalente al efecto que eso hace en la sociedad.” Pero quien me influenció en un camino distinto, no fue el profesor, sino su esposa.

Vemos, además, la influencia que tuvo el movimiento #MeToo en Chile, y esto se señala en el libro. Con respecto a aquello, la química María Belén Camarada nos dice: “hace dos años aproximadamente que estos casos se han visibilizado a través del movimiento #Metoo. Las universidades comenzaron a aceptar e investigar denuncias de este tipo. El abuso de poder ya no es invisible y muchas mujeres se están atreviendo a hablar”.

Podemos encontrar historias de mujeres en distintas áreas del conocimiento, pero todas curiosas, siempre preguntándose y cuestionándose el mundo que las rodea. ¿Quiénes somos? ¿Quiénes son estas 20 mujeres investigadoras? Les compartio la definición de la académica Melisa Calegaro: “Soy mamá, soy científica. Soy brasileña. Soy bra-chilena. Soy amiga. Soy esposa. Soy profe. Soy vecina. Soy ciudadana. Y muchas veces no sé quién soy. ¿Cuál de ellos me define? A veces todos, a veces ninguno. No siempre es fácil. No siempre tengo claridad de que las decisiones fueron buenas, ni si hay otro camino que debería recorrer. Lo que sí he descubierto es que todas tenemos el derecho de dar pequeños pasos hacia esos descubrimientos sin prejuicios, sin tantas piedras en el camino. Si puedo contribuir a retirar algunas de esas piedras del camino de una niña, de una mujer, hoy, mañana, siempre lo haré. Quiero que eso también defina quien soy”.

La profesora y experta en neurociencias, Evelyn Cordero, nos relata: “actualmente soy neurocientífica, estudio los correlatos neuronales de la creatividad como parte de mi tesis de doctorado. Aún sueño despierta, más que antes tal vez y mantengo la muerte a raya. Hicimos un trato: se aleja de mis imprescindibles y yo la invito a cenar dos veces por semana y le cuento mis sueños. A ella les fascina construirles un final y yo la dejo porque entendí que, gracias a ella, la vida es única, irrepetible y maravillosa”.

Un aspecto que se repite en las autobiografías de este libro es que muchas nos cuentan que fueron las primeras en romper techos de cristal en la academia chilena, o en sus historias personales y nos damos cuenta de que, a pesar de que en 1881 se firma el decreto de Amunátegui, que permitió el ingreso por primera vez de mujeres a la Universidad en Chile, aún en pleno siglo XXI hay muchas primeras veces que se siguen repitiendo. La arquitecta Marcela Pizzi es ejemplo de esto: “Mi carrera, tanto en la docencia como en la investigación, se desarrolló por más de 40 años en la Universidad de Chile. Fue complejo el trayecto: logré ser la primera mujer en obtener en 2009, la jerarquía de profesora titular. Igualmente, la vida académica me llevó a ser la primera mujer vicedecana y la primera directa electa del exdepartamento de Historia y Teoría de la Arquitectura y primera decana electa de la facultad en 2014, cargo que ejercí hasta el 2018”.

 La matemática y académica de la Universidad de Santiago, Daniela Soto, confiesa: “Debo decir que en mi familia yo soy la primera que llegó a la universidad y que terminó una carrera. Y cuando me refiero a mi familia hablo de toda mi gran familia cercana, que involucra a las hermanas de mi abuela, sus hijos y nietos. Es algo que cuento con gran orgullo, porque nos costó mucho”.

Los relatos de este libro nos muestran la importancia de la investigación en la vida de estas 20 mujeres, siempre instando a investigar. Al respecto, la matrona Sandra Aramburu nos dice: “Yo insto a investigar, la recompensa será contribuir a desarticular prácticas basadas en creencias, más aún cuando se corre el riesgo de que estas constituyan decisiones y políticas públicas que nos afecten a todos(as). Refutar prejuicios y afirmaciones miopes no solo es motivador sino indispensable en momentos en que el oscurantismo pareciera crecer en nuestra sociedad”

Finalmente, la física Francisca Guzmán Lastra relata que: “He aprendido a ser resiliente, a persistir, a entender que en el camino se cruzan personas, colegas que creerán en ti, que te valorarán, con los que podrás construir, a los que podrás guiar, y por, sobre todo, hay estudiantes, estudiantes mujeres a las que inspirar, apoyar y educar”.

Este año, en los premios nacionales de historia y ciencias aplicadas postulaban las profesoras Illanes y Montenegro, respectivamente. Por los méritos de ambas nadie se hubiese sorprendido si ellas hubiesen sido las galardonas; sin embargo, no lo fueron, en vez de disminuir la brecha de género en la entrega de premios nacionales, este año se aumentó. Lo que demuestra una vez más, que no importan las palabras bonitas si no vienen acompañadas de hechos que las respalden.

Siempre hablamos de la necesidad de tener más mujeres en ciencias, pero debemos conversar sobre generar espacios adecuados para su desarrollo. Sin duda, libros y proyectos como este van en la dirección correcta, felicitaciones y gracias a quienes hicieron posible leer hoy el libro Mujeres y Ciencia en Chile: relatos autobiográficos de investigadoras del siglo XXI.

Nota: El libro se puede adquirir en https://www.amazon.com/Mujeres-ciencia-Chile-autobiogr%C3%A1ficos-academia-ebook/dp/B0B6212PBV

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