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  • 8 de junio de 2022
  • 683 comentarios

Soberanía, ¿qué es y cómo se ejerce en la nueva propuesta constitucional?

Esta es la primera entrega del análisis de los artículos de la propuesta de nueva Constitución. En ella, la abogada Yasna Araya nos explica qué es la soberanía, quién y cómo se ejerce, de acuerdo a lo establecido en la propuesta constitucional. También, nos explica la diferencia con la actual Constitución.

Yasna Araya

Al pensar en un país y su gobernabilidad, lo primero que cuestionamos es quién tendrá ese poder supremo, ilimitado y absoluto para gobernar. Es decir, en quién recaerá ese poder político supremo. Pues bien, cuando pensamos en ese supra poder, esto es lo que llamamos soberanía (etimológicamente del latín super omnia, que significa poder supremo), lo que también lleva a cuestionar quién lo entrega y cómo se ejerce. Interrogantes todas, que deben quedar plasmadas en la carta fundamental que regirá a un país.

Este punto, hoy, en el borrador de la nueva Constitución, está tratado en el artículo 3: “Soberanía. La soberanía reside en el Pueblo de Chile, conformado por diversas naciones. Se ejerce democráticamente, de manera directa y mediante representantes, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en esta Constitución y las leyes. Ningún sector del pueblo ni individuo alguno puede atribuirse su ejercicio. El ejercicio de la soberanía reconoce como limitación los derechos humanos en cuanto atributo que deriva de la dignidad humana.”

De la lectura de ese artículo, encontramos la respuesta a la primera interrogante, ya que la disposición indica que quién ejerce la soberanía no es una persona, institución o estamento, sino que reside en el PUEBLO DE CHILE, el cual está conformado por diversas naciones. Aquella disposición discrepa de nuestra actual Constitución, la cual es su artículo 5° estipula que la soberanía reside en la Nación, cuyo ejercicio está realizado por el pueblo. Este cambio obedece a la idea de que Chile no es un país conformado por una sola nación. Por ello, la nueva propuesta es enfática en establecer que el ejercicio de la soberanía reside directamente en el pueblo chileno, el cual está conformado por diversas naciones, quitando la noción de una sola nación que tiene plasmada la actual Constitución.

Luego, es claro que no todas las personas pueden ejercer ese poder de manera individual, pues es un solo poder que recae en todo el pueblo chileno. Es por ello que existe la necesidad de escoger a un representante entre todos nosotros para ejercer ese poder político, y la propuesta constitucional indica que ello se ejerce de manera directa mediante representantes, momento que se plasma a través de nuestro sistema electoral, al ejercer nuestro derecho a voto, cuyas reglas están dadas a través de las leyes y la Constitución. Esto es importante entenderlo, puesto que de ahí viene la legitimidad de nuestros representantes, ya que ellos no actúan por la simple designación del cargo, sino que lo hacen poque en cada proceso eleccionario, nosotros como chilenos, hemos entregado ese poder supremo, que por mandato constitucional nos corresponde.  

Finalmente, la norma indica que ese poder no es absoluto, sino que su entrega y ejercicio tiene una limitación, que son los derechos humanos en cuanto atributo que deriva de la dignidad humana. Esto último entendiendo que todas las personas tienen determinados derechos que se adquieren por el solo hecho de ser persona (ejemplo, el derecho a la vida), y esos derechos deben ser respetados y protegidos en su dignidad y no se debe atentar contra ellos.

En nuestra próxima entrega, Yasna nos explicará bien qué significa plurinacionalidad, un concepto que ha generado mucho ruido y controversia, pero que debe ser entendido en términos de qué modifica respecto al entendimiento actual en la Constitución que nos rige. Es de suma importancia entender el contenido de la propuesta de carta magna para poder votar informado y a conciencia. Lo que pretendemos como medio regional es entregarle a nuestros lectores con la mayor claridad posible el contenido de los artículos. Es decir, sacarlos del lenguaje legal y explicarlos de un modo legible para cualquier ciudadano.

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683 comentarios en “Soberanía, ¿qué es y cómo se ejerce en la nueva propuesta constitucional?”

  1. Claudio Bermúdez

    Gracias Yasna. Entonces, ese principio también habilita la remoción del
    Cargo electo? Mediante un juicio político?…ahí me pierdo. En definitiva cómo se ejerce el control de las autoridades por la ciudadanía . Gracias nuevamente. Slds 🖖🏼

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