Todo Legal: La historia financiera de nuestra transición

El libro Todo Legal es la pieza clave para terminar de comprender cómo es el Chile actual y darle sentido al bombardeo de noticias que recibimos a diario de los medios, los que tienen un solo propósito: continuar con el modelo tal cual está. Un imperdible para leer en estos tiempos de transición. El Regionalista entrevistará, en exclusiva, el próximo lunes a los autores del libro, quienes lo van a presentar el próximo viernes 8 de abril en la universidad O’Higgins en Rancagua.

Por Edison Ortiz

Carlos Tromben e Ignacio Schiaccapasse nos han regalado un libro de esos que hacen historia, como Nuestra Inferioridad económica de Encina, La mesa de tres patas de Claudio Véliz, En vez de la pobreza de Jorge Ahumada, Chile, un caso de desarrollo frustrado de Aníbal Pinto, o más recientemente, Chile, anatomía de un mito de Tomás Moulián y Los grandes zarpazos de la elite financiera chilena.

El texto, ya convertido en bestseller, sigue la lógica de trabajos anteriores, en especial el de Carlos Tromben Crónica secreta de la economía chilena. Allí el autor acuñó el concepto de “la cultura Piraña”, para referirse al grupo empresarial surgido a fines de los 60, y que tan bien representa Sebastián Piñera o “Pescado rabioso”, donde profundizó en la irregular tramitación de la ley de pesca. En mi opinión, ese es el fin de la trilogía en que se devela el modelo económico implantado en dictadura y que se consolidó en democracia.

El diputado socialista Jaime Naranjo, en su cuenta de tweet hizo un buen resumen de la significancia del libro, el pasado 10 de marzo: “Llevo varias horas leyendo este libro «TODO LEGAL» de Tromben y Schiappacasse. Se los recomiendo, es una investigación amena de cómo se apoderaron de los recursos del país para formar la actual élite financiera. ES UN IMPERDIBLE”.

En efecto, el libro cautiva de principio a fin y es cómo esas películas clásicas antiguas de intriga y suspenso que nos mantenían conectados. Es el tipo de libro donde, solo al final, se revela su desenlace, y en que cada capítulo es un libro en sí mismo. Aunque en su conclusión deja un problema planteado: “Aterrada y desorientada en octubre de 2019, derrotada en las urnas sucesivamente en octubre de 2020, en mayo y diciembre de 2021, la polis financiera siempre es capaz de repeler el asedio a su fortaleza asumiendo nuevos rostros y narrativas. No se resignará a perder lo que le tomo cinco décadas construir”.

 A lo largo de sus  37 capítulos, se devela la otra historia oculta de nuestra transición, la del poder de verdad que por detrás mueve a los actores políticos como si fueran sus marionetas. El texto aborda los inicios de la elite financiera en Chile, desde el año 1973 hasta la actualidad. Al abarcar casi cincuenta años de la historia del país, sus personajes son tan variados como los lugares y acontecimientos que han ocurrido: ejecutivos bancarios, directivos de corporaciones y empresas, secretarios de estado, legisladores y la máxima autoridad de la república. Estos hechos que conectan el golpe de Estado, la dictadura militar, la vuelta a la democracia, tiempos iceberg y de mito de los jaguares, la revuelta social y el plebiscito constituyente. A pesar de tener muchos actores, parecen converger en José Piñera, otrora ministro de Trabajo durante la dictadura militar, y en su hermano, el dos veces presidente, Sebastián Piñera. Carlos Tromben e Ignacio Schiappacasse, reconocidos investigadores y académicos, a través de la recopilación de fuentes directas y un arduo trabajo investigativo, dejan sobre la mesa la autopsia del modelo económico chileno, hasta ahora, sin exposición pública: una línea cronológica, con nombres y apellidos, que expone los orígenes de la elite financiera. Un grupo de jóvenes empresarios, que hizo de los recursos de la nación la plataforma para edificar su propio imperio, y creó un entramado institucional con la Constitución de 1980 como fondo, hoy puesta en tela de juicio, para perpetuar su poder.

Ignacio Schiappacasse y Carlos Tromben el el programa Mentiras Verdaderas de La Red Televisión.

En La voz de los que sobran, Carlos Tromben se refirió a la importancia política del texto: “la principal amenaza de la democracia fue su cooptación por una elite financiera”, proceso que está aún vigente, y que fue transversal a los grupos políticos dirigentes como lo pudimos observar con Penta, la ley de pesca, y en especial, con SQM.

El libro comienza con quien ha representado mejor la relación incestuosa entre política y dinero, Sebastián Piñera, uno de los hombres claves de la polis financiera y presidente de Chile durante dos periodos. El capítulo I – La burbuja de Sebastián –, se describe cómo funciona ese mundo, a través de sus seminarios que organiza periódicamente Moneda Asset y el rol que representa en él. El expresidente, quien habla en ese foro como orador final y regalón de los asistentes – “está de regreso, altivo y sonriente, extasiado. Amo entre los amos”, dirán los autores del libro -, personaje que apenas unos meses después será ungido nuevamente como jefe de Estado.

En esta parte, el texto, narra la historia de cómo, desde el golpe de estado de 1973, surgió, creció y fortaleció, ya en democracia, la polis financiera chilena e identifica como punto álgido la instauración del sistema de AFP. Basados en entrevistas, documentos secretos de la dictadura y archivos de prensa, los autores demuestran que la imposición del sistema se logró mediante la difusión de narrativas falsas. Y nos entrega una novedad: José Piñera “sí lo vio venir” y entre los documentos secretos, cuyo tema se ocultó a la Junta, estaba la preocupación porque: “el sistema de capitalización puede crear frustraciones a los trabajadores a quienes les costará entender por qué no pueden retirar nada de una cuenta personal en que hay invertidas sumas considerables en relación con sus ingresos”.

En una entrevista, para el periódico electrónico El Mostrador, Tromben al ser consultado por cuáles fueron de los datos investigativos más llamativos que descubrieron en su investigación respondió: “lo más llamativo ha sido descubrir la cantidad de narrativas falsas que se utilizaron para instalar el modelo. Sin caer en exageraciones, hoy podemos afirmar que el modelo neoliberal chileno (único en el mundo por su radicalidad) se impuso en dictadura y luego se preservó en democracia en buena medida gracias a la difusión de falsas narrativas. Algunas de estas narrativas falsan fueron «el sistema antiguo de pensiones está en quiebra», «con el sistema de AFP los trabajadores se convertirán en capitalistas», «Chile se convertirá en un país desarrollado», «el sistema de AFP otorgará pensiones fantásticas que incluso podrían ser mayores a los últimos sueldos percibidos antes de la jubilación», entre muchas otras», detallan los autores.

En su segunda parte, Tromben y Schiaccapasse profundizan sobre cómo durante la transición el sistema financiero creado en dictadura, en vez de ir atenuando sus tentáculos siguió fortaleciéndose y aumentando su poder e influencia al punto de “capturar” todas las instituciones públicas. Uno de los efectos más visibles de aquello fue la puerta giratoria que hacía que ministros y subsecretarios pasasen de lo público a lo privado y viceversa. La minería, en especial Codelco, así como la subsecretaría de Telecomunicaciones.

Según Tromben y Schiaccapasse, la captura del regulador es el motivo y causa de escándalos como la instrumentalización de las AFP para formar directorios (1990), la capitalización ilegal del Banco de Chile (1995), el caso Chispas (1997), el caso La Polar (2012), las empresas zombi (1994-2001), las triangulaciones y rescate de Corpbanca (2011), SQM/Cascadas (2015) y las fusiones truchas de Provida y Cuprum (2016). Acciones que han sido posibles bajo el amparo de la frase emblemática “todo legal”.  

Un capítulo aparte es “el portafolio de dios”, donde se evidencian las grandes conexiones entre la iglesia católica, algunas congregaciones como jesuitas y Opus Dei, y el nuevo grupo empresarial dominante con la alta jerarquía eclesiástica  y que describe cómo se enriquecieron los grandes millonarios chilenos, profundizándose en los vínculos desarrollados por el Opus Dei, los Legionarios de Cristo y los jesuitas, con lo que se ha llamado Sanhattan con posterioridad al retiro del cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez.

Sebastián Piñera, alma de ese grupo, llegó a señalar que: “lo primero que tenemos que hacer es definir un proyecto de país que nos interprete, nos entusiasme y nos dé fuego en el corazón y luz en la mirada, como decía San Ignacio”, y eso fue lo que sucedió, en especial, con Francisco Javier Errázuriz. En el caso de la polis financiera, se produjo en los años noventa una sutil mutación. Atrás quedaron los días en que el equipo de Sergio de Castro y los Chicago Boys eran objeto de una severa crítica moral, por parte de la conferencia episcopal chilena. La generación del cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez tenía por visión económica la doctrina social de la iglesia. Su vehículo político era la Democracia Cristiana y su expresión práctica, la redistribución de la riqueza a través del Estado y las organizaciones intermedias. En ese contexto, operaron la Compañía de Jesús, el Opus Dei y la propia jerarquía católica, entregando y recibiendo recursos como sucedió con los ignacianos que disponían parte de los recursos obtenidos por la caridad para que fuesen gestionados por Moneda Asset, la misma que administra el fideicomiso ciego de Sebastián Piñera.

El Opus Dei, proveniente de la España franquista y que llegó a Chile a inicios de la dictadura, siempre tuvo una relación más explícita con los poderosos y con la banca local y tiene entre los suyos a figuras insignes del mundo financiero como Fernando Barros Tocornal, el abogado preferido de la polis financiera. Artífice de los esquemas elusivos (las empresas zombi), el personaje se hizo conocido cuando encabezó la defensa de Augusto Pinochet durante su procesamiento en Londres. Hoy está en la junta de administración del fideicomiso ciego de Sebastián Piñera, que más parece tuerto. 

En definitiva, un libro para terminar de comprender cómo es el Chile actual y darle sentido al bombardeo de noticias que recibimos a diario de los medios, los que tienen un solo propósito: continuar con el modelo tal cual está. Un imperdible para leer en estos tiempos de transición. El Regionalista entrevistará, en exclusiva, el próximo lunes a los autores del libro, quienes lo van a presentar el próximo viernes 8 de abril en la universidad O’Higgins en Rancagua.

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