Reactivar el ramal ferroviario a Pichilemu

La reactivación del ramal ferroviario San Fernando-Pichilemu se sustenta en ventajas económicas, ambientales, de seguridad vial y en que aún mantiene el 50% de su trazado.

Por Víctor León Vargas, profesor, investigador y restaurador del patrimonio ferroviario

El nuevo Gobierno de Gabriel Boric Font tiene en su programa “desarrollar una política ferroviaria en las macro zonas centro y sur”, como lo hacen “todos los países desarrollados”.

En nuestra región, hubo tres ramales ferroviarios, de los cuales el de San Fernando-Pichilemu, es uno de los más antiguos de la red ferroviaria de nuestro país. Es el único que queda con posibilidades de ser reactivado al mantener la faja y vías en un 50% aproximado de su trayecto, más la gran cantidad de obras de arte o infraestructura.

Sus primeros 38,9 kilómetros de vía fueron construidos entre 1869 y 1872 desde San Fernando hasta Palmilla. De esta etapa, se conservan los edificios de las estaciones Manantiales, Placilla (monumento histórico nacional), Paniahue-Santa Cruz.

La segunda etapa de Palmilla a Alcones, con 42, 9 kilómetros de vía, se construyó entre 1889 y 1893. En este tramo, se construyeron los puentes Chimbarongo, Lihueimo, Puquillay, Yerbas Buenas o Cadenas, Las Cadenas 2. Se conservan los edificios de las estaciones de Colchagua (monumento histórico nacional), Peralillo, Población.

Los siguientes 37,3 kilómetros de vía, construidos entre 1900 y 1926, corresponden al tramo entre Alcones y Pichilemu, obra que debió superar las difíciles condiciones geográficas de la cordillera de la Costa con la perforación de tres túneles: La Viña, 325 m de largo; El Árbol (monumento histórico nacional), 1.960 m de largo; El Quillay de 177 m de largo. A ellos se sumaron los puentes San Miguel de Las Palmas, Las Mulas, El Sauce, Tres Ojos y Puente Negro. En este tramo, solo queda el edificio estación de Pichilemu (monumento histórico nacional), su tornamesa y bodega.

El último tren de pasajeros entre Alameda y Pichilemu corrió el 9 de marzo de 1986. En el invierno de ese año, se socavó un sector del terraplén en el km. 99, debido a la falta de limpieza de ramas de las alcantarillas. Había sido suprimida la cuadrilla de vía que hacía la mantención.

En tanto, el servicio de carga entre San Fernando y El Lingue (95 kilómetros) funcionó hasta mediados de 1995.

Algunas de las causas de la suspensión y abandono

a. Económicas: según Ferrocarriles, no era rentable el servicio de pasajeros entre la 2° quincena de marzo y noviembre, salvo Semana Santa, Fiestas Patrias, Todos los Santos, fines de semana y festivos.

b. Técnicas: fueron eliminados los grupos de mantención de la vía de Pichilemu y Palmilla (1985) y San Fernando (1986). El desprendimiento o socavón en el Km. 99 era reparable, pero el gerente de EFE de la época Roberto Darrigrandi Chadwick, se opuso.

c. Políticas: La Dictadura cívico-militar de Augusto Pinochet, quitó la subvención económica a la empresa de ferrocarriles por parte del Estado, obligando a su autofinanciamiento. Por ello, EFE comenzó a levantar 22 ramales, vender sus edificios, terrenos, rieles, locomotoras, carros y coches como chatarra, etc.

A comienzos de los años noventa, los candidatos a diputado, Juan Carlos Latorre y Aníbal Pérez, prometieron reactivar el ramal, pero una vez electos, no cumplieron.

Posteriormente, el presidente Ricardo Lagos Escobar, también prometió que el tren volvería a correr hasta Pichilemu, pero después autorizó levantar el tramo de vías entre Peralillo y Pichilemu.

Lo anterior, mientras los países desarrollados desde los años 60 continúan extendiendo sus redes ferroviarias con equipos cada vez más modernos.

FACTORES QUE JUSTIFICAN SU REACTIVACIÓN

Estratégicos: es una alternativa de comunicación terrestre. Ejemplos: a raíz del terremoto de 1985, se cortó el puente carretero en Lihueimo. Por meses el ferroviario fue usado como alternativa. Ante la crecida del río Tinguiririca, que cortó los dos puentes carreteros, se usó el puente ferroviario porque el país quedó totalmente desconectado por vía terrestre.

Entre Alcones y Pichilemu, tras cualquier accidente en la carretera, incendio u otro, restablecer el tránsito toma horas. 

Accidentes de tránsito según consecuencias y según tipo:

Es necesario revisar las estadísticas recientes de los accidentes de tránsito ocurridos en la carretera entre San Fernando y Pichilemu, ocurridos por exceso de vehículos, especialmente de camiones y buses (fuente: Carabineros de Colchagua y Cardenal Caro).

Sociales: la eliminación del servicio ferroviario provocó especialmente entre Alcones y Pichilemu, la emigración de campesinos de los fundos del sector por la lejanía hacia la Ruta CH-90. El traslado de los estudiantes significó un alza en los costos de movilización. Desaparecieron los paraderos de San Miguel de Las Palmas, El Lingue y la estación de Larraín Alcalde.

Turísticas: anualmente, aumenta el flujo de turistas, lo que significa una mayor población flotante en los veranos en Pichilemu y sus alrededores.

Cuando se suprimió el transporte de pasajeros, aumentaron las empresas de buses, las cuales suben los precios arbitrariamente.

El tren siempre ha sido un atractivo turístico por su comodidad, seguridad, tranquilidad, atención y variedad de paisajes.

El proyecto Tren del Vino fue una buena iniciativa turística pero elitista, que se podría revivir con participación más social, como fue el histórico Tren Excursionista.

Económicas: las cifras del impacto en este ámbito se reflejarán en un estudio de factibilidad en transporte de carga, como el que tuvo antes de la suspensión del servicio, especialmente el transporte de madera.

Crisis energética y cuidado al medio ambiente: el cambio climático exige eliminar de manera urgente las fuentes de energía como el petróleo usado en los medios de transporte. Al comparar un camión con un tren, el primero, además de quemar petróleo, contamina con partículas de caucho, y por desgaste de pastillas de freno que la lluvia lleva a los ríos. Un camión emite 3,5 veces más de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) que los trenes.

El transporte más ecológico es el que usa la energía eléctrica como los ferrocarriles modernos usados en los países desarrollados tecnológicamente, a los que Chile debe imitar..

La alternativa ferroviaria descomprime el exceso de tránsito vehicular, ofrece más seguridad y menor contaminación ambiental y competencia de precios de pasajes. Tiene una importancia social, para estudiantes, adultos de diferentes actividades, etc.

Se está perdiendo una gran inversión del Estado al tener abandonada una infraestructura tan grande como la que está en el Ramal San Fernando-Pichilemu en la que se despliegan puentes, túneles, estaciones, terrenos.

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